宗喀巴《密宗道次第广论》的哲学思想探析

An Exploration of the Philosophy of the Commentary on the Tantric Doctrine by Tsongkhapa

宗喀巴指出,佛陀所创正法,唯在于"教""证"两种,"教"是指佛教教理,"证"为修道中的证悟。宗喀巴《密宗道次第广论》具有鲜明的"教"与"证"相结合的特色。此著在"教"方面体现为本体论、佛性论、人生论、道德论、方法论等哲学思想,贯穿于《密宗道次第广论》的哲学主线是中观应成派一切诸法缘起性空论。通过灌顶、诵咒、观想及借助坛城、法器等修各种瑜伽,以亲证或体现这些哲学思想。诸如此类的哲学思想是《密宗道次第广论》所论述的各种修行实践的深刻内涵,而各种修行实践是其外在表现形式。

The mi zong dao ci di guang lun(Commentary on the Tantric Doctrine)is an important tantric work written by Tsongkhapa.The esoteric dharma theory and practice expounded in this work is an important part of the esoteric dharma of Tibetan Buddhism.The research by academics on the Commentary on Tantric Doctrine is often carried out from its position within Tibetan Buddhism and its practice and method,and in-depth research on its philosophy has not yet been conducted.However,this work holds a very important position in Tantric Buddhism;its philosophical thought is relatively rich,and it also contains extremely distinct characteristics of the philosophy of the Consequence School of the Middle Way(MadhyamakaPrasangika).Therefore,research on this commentary has an important theoretical value and practical significance.This paper attempts to conduct a comprehensive and in-depth study of the philosophical thoughts in the Commentary on the Tantric Doctrine.Tsongkhapa pointed out that the correct doctrine created by the Buddha lies in the two aspects,i.e."teachings(or precepts)"and"rewards"(or fruits)."Teachings"refer to the Buddhist doctrine,and"rewards"refer to enlightenment in practice.The Commentary on Tantric Doctrine by Tsongkhapa is distinctive because it combines"teachings"and"rewards".In the aspect of"teachings",this work embodies philosophical thoughts such as ontology,the theory of Buddhanature,the theory of life,the theory of morality,and methodology.The main philosophical line running through the Commentary on Tantric Doctrine is the idea of"dependency arising from the emptiness of original nature"found in the Consequence School of the Middle Way(Madhyamaka-Prasangika).This is achieved through initiation,chanting,visualization,and practicing various kinds of yoga with the help of mandala Tanka and Buddhist musical instruments which bear witness to or embody these philosophical ideas.Such philosophical thoughts are the profound connotations of the various practices discussed in Commentary on the Tantric Doctrine,and the various practices are its external manifestation.