考古学视野下清代伊犁多民族军事驻防体系的构建

Explore the Construction of Multi-ethnic Garrison System of Yili in Qing Dynasty from the Perspective of Archaeology

清廷在确立对新疆的统治后,在中心地区伊犁河谷营建了大批驻防城,包括伊犁九城、锡伯营城堡、卡伦、营盘等。通过对上述遗址的考古调查可知,伊犁地区驻防城在形制与空间布局上表现为统一性、层级性与联合性特征。统一性集中表现在伊犁九城与卡伦的形制上,层级性表现在驻防城规模上,联合性体现在驻防城的空间布局上。对于伊犁九城,清廷采用了“双核心”的布局模式,形成以惠远城与惠宁城为中心的两个城市群,互成掎角之势。清廷安排满、汉、锡伯、索伦、蒙古各部族移驻各城内外,戍守不同地区,具有明确的分工。考古材料和历史事实充分揭示,这套驻防体系对有效稳固新疆局势发挥了相应的军政作用,同时也进一步促进了这一时期中华民族共同体的稳固与发展。

After asserting its rule over Xinjiang,Qing dynasty built a large number of garrison cities at the heartland of Yili River Valley,including the Nine Cities of Yili,Sibe Garrison's Castles,kalun(military post),and yingpan(military camp).Archaeological findings on these ruins conclude that garrison towns in Yili area show characteristics of uniformity,hierarchy,and alliance in their structure and spatial layout.The character of uniformity is most evidently embodied in the structure of Nine Cities of Yili and kaluns,hierarchy in the difference in scale of garrison towns,and alliance in the spatial layout of garrison towns.The Qing administration adopted a“dual cores”mode for the layout of Nine Cities of Yili,and built two city clusters,Huiyuan city and Huining city,which are arranged in a way that the two cities can divide forces of intruders and cover each other when defending enemies.The administration of Qing resettles tribes of Manchu,Han,Sibe,Solon,and Mongolia ethnic groups in and around garrison towns and instructs them to defend different regions with respective responsibilities of defense.Archaeological materials and historical facts have clearly shown that,this system of garrison played its military and political role in effectively stabilizing the situation of Xinjiang,and further promoted the stability and development of the community for the Chinese nation at that time.