建国初期社会改革与民族社会的国家认同——以贵州省炉山县(今凯里市)为个案

Social Reform and National Identity in Ethnic Societies in the Early Years of the People’s Republic of China——A Case Study of Lushan County(Now Kaili city)in Guizhou Province

新中国建立以前,在阶级压迫和民族歧视下,云贵高原地区的民族关系基本上处于“合而不谐”之状态。新中国建立初期,中国共产党通过开展“五大任务”“土地改革”等一系列社会(民主)改革,激发出少数民族社会对党和国家的高度认同和无比热爱之情。从国家认同角度看,该时期可谓一个具有分水岭意义的重要历史时期。本文以贵州省苗汉杂居的炉山县(今凯里市)为区域研究个案,以苗汉关系变迁的历史背景为线索,在此基础上通过查阅部分开放的馆藏档案资料等,就建国初期中共在苗族地区开展的一系列社会改革的措施、过程,以及对苗族社会的国家认同带来的影响等进行了若干梳理与回顾。文章认为:新政权推动的一系列社会改革,之所以能在很短的时间内改变了苗族社会对“官府”和主流社会的态度,就在于很好地利用了“阶级”观点来化解“民族”间的恩怨与对立,并将苗族社会历史上的反抗斗争和苦难记忆嵌入国家叙事层面予以合法化和全面肯定,从而有效地化解了千百年来苗族社会与主流社会及“官府”间的恩怨情仇,树立起苗族“富于反抗斗争”的民族新形象,唤醒了他们对党和国家的强烈认同与归属感。

Before the establishment of the People ’s Republic of China( PRC),ethnic relations in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau region were basically in a state of “unity but not harmony”under class oppression and ethnic discrimination. In the early years of PRC,the Communist Party of China( CPC) carried out a series of social( democratic) reforms,such as the “Five Great Tasks ”and “Land Reform ”,which inspired a high level of identification with and love for the Party and the state among ethnic minority communities.From the perspective of national identity,this period can be regarded as a watershed historical period. Based on the historical background of the changes in Miao-Han relations in Lushan County( now Kaili city),this paper reviews the measures and processes of social reforms carried out by the Chinese Communist Party in the Miao region during the early period of the founding of the People’s Republic of China,as well as the impact on the national identity of the Miao society. This article argues that the reason why the series of social reforms promoted by the new regime changed the attitude of Miao society toward the “government”and mainstream society in a short period of time lies in the good use of the “class”perspective to resolve the contradiction and confrontation among ethnic groups and to legitimize and fully affirm the memories of the struggles and sufferings of Miao society in the national narrative,thus effectively resolving the grudges and feuds between Miao society and mainstream society and the “government ” for thousands of years,establishing the new image of Miao as a people “rich in resistance and struggle ”and ultimately awakening their strong sense of identity and belonging to the Party and the state.