自然:晚唐绘画审美价值系统的至高范畴

“自然”一词系老子在《道德经》中作为哲学概念首先提出,而后由庄子延承与发展,经历魏晋时期以自然观为轴心的玄学思辨和转化,“自然”在漫长的衍化过程中进入艺术和美学的领域。在画论中,晚唐张彦远最早将“自然”推崇为至高品评标准和审美价值尺度。“自然”贯穿于创作论、作品论和鉴识论。“自然”作为主体创作中的“守其神,专其一”,标明了主体在绘画创造活动中具有的独特审美心理规律,以“自然”的真性、去人为内涵,揭示了不滞于手、不凝于心的创作自然观;同时,“自然”也指本体论中的“发于天然”和“本于立意”,发展了哲学自然论中独化、无为的理论宗旨,形成了作品论中“生气”“得意”的审美价值内涵;又及,鉴识论中的“妙悟自然”揭示了主客体在审美经验中的统一性,丰富了“自然”论的美学内涵,建构了具有民族特色的绘画审美价值系统,将中国传统美学的“自然”论提升至人生论、境界论的哲学美学范畴,在绘画艺术的审美价值探寻中开辟出一条“体道”的通路。

"Nature"was first put forward by Lao Tzu as a philosophical concept inTao Te Ching,and then developed by Zhuang Tzu.Through the transformation centering on the view of nature by metaphysical speculation in the Wei and Jin dynasties,"nature"entered the field of art and aesthetics in the long process of evolution.In the painting theory,Zhang Yanyuan in the late Tang Dynasty first advocated"nature"as the highest evaluation standard and aesthetic value criterion."Nature"runs through the theory of creation,the theory of works and the theory of appreciation."Nature"as the subject of the creation of"keep inner spirit,united and became one",indicating the subject in the creation of painting has a unique aesthetic psychological law,with the"nature"of authenticity and remove artificiality,reveals the creation of nature is not stagnation in hand and the blockage inside.At the same time,"nature"also refers to"originated in nature"and"originated from the Yi"in ontology,which develops the theoretical tenet of"Du hua"and"Wu wei"in Chinese natural philosophy,and forms the aesthetic value connotation of"Sheng qi"and"De yi"in the theory of works.Thirdly,the"Miao wu"of nature(the intuitive awareness and wonderful understanding of nature)in the theory of appreciation reveals the unity of subject and object in aesthetic experience,enriches the aesthetic connotation of"nature"theory,constructs the aesthetic value system of painting with national characteristics,and elevates the"nature"theory of traditional Chinese aesthetics to the philosophical aesthetic category of life theory and realm theory.In the exploration of the aesthetic value of painting art,a path of"realization of Tao"has been opened up.