汉画“书画合璧”的艺术表现方法及其对中国美术的影响

The Artistic Method of the "Integration of Calligraphy and Painting" and Its Impact on Chinese Fine Art

汉代以前的象形文字,绘画性的特征占主导地位。随着"隶变"的发生,艺术特质在隶书中得以显现和确立。东汉隶书成为后世学者的取法之宗。审美范畴和审美理论在书法理论中的提出影响着其他领域,书法中的艺术特质和审美与绘画及其他领域发生着交叉,并且影响深远,书画结合的艺术形式亦为后世书画合璧奠定了基础。书画结合的传承一方面是指书画在形式上的结合,另一方面还包括书画在用笔、布局等具体法度及审美上交融、互鉴、会通。从绘画与题款相结合的发展史来看,汉代画像石、画像砖、壁画等上出现的绘画与题记并存的形式为后世的画与题款共同构图、营造意境奠定了基础。壁画、漆画等绘画形式上题记并存的现象亦不在少数。汉画题记奠定了中国画题款的基本框架骨骼,历经了由客观表述到主客观结合,再到更偏重主观情感、个性特征表达的历史进程,形成了诗、书、画的综合构成与艺术表达。汉画艺术为传统中国画诗、书、画、印四位一体的基本艺术形式创造了条件——形成了图文相辅相成的气象以及"书画合璧"绘画面貌的雏形。正是在这个雏形的基础之上,"书画合璧"的艺术表现方法对中国美术的审美和艺术实践产生了奠基作用。

The hierohlyphics in China before the Han Danysty were primarily painterly. With the development of "Li Script" and the establishment and development of its artistic characteristics, the official Li Script of the Eastern Han became the model of later generation. The raising of the concept of "aesthetic category"and "aesthetic theory"in calligraphy theory impacted other fields of arts;the overlapping of the calligraphic characteristics and aesthetics with those in the field of painting have had a profound impact on other fields of arts,and the combination of calligraphy and painting laid the foundation for later generations. On the one hand,the inheritance of the calligraphy-painting combination referes to a combination in form;on the other hand,it involves the integration,mutual learning,interworking of calligraphy and patining in specific methods such as the use of pen, layout and aesthetics. Based on the developing history of the combination of painting and inscription,the co-existence of painting and inscription in stone relief,brick relief and mural painting in Han Dynasty laid the foundation for the two forms compositing and creating artistic mood jointly in the later generations. It has not been a rare phenomenon that both painting and inscription be found on mural painting,lacquer painting and other forms of painting. The inscription of Han painting formed the basic framework for Chinese painting inscription. From objective reproducing to combining objectivity and subjectivity,and to subjective emotion and characteristics expressing,the historical trajectory formed the conprehensiveness and artistic expression of painting poetry. Inscription of Han painting laid the foundation for the integration of traditional Chinese painting poetry,calligraphy,painting and printing,and also formed the rudiment of the painting appearance of"combination of calligraphy and painting". It is on the basis of this embryonic form that the artistic expressing method of "combination of calligraphy and painting"supported the aesthetics and artistic practice of Chinese fine arts.