叔本华哲学的东方元素与王国维“境界”说的建构性

Oriental elements in Schopenhauer's philosophy and the constructiveness of Wang Guowei's“art realm”theory

关于王国维“境界”说,近年来学术界存在相互对立的观点。如何认识王国维接受叔本华哲学美学的影响,依然是一个问题。叔本华是第一个把目光转向东方的西方哲学家,他的哲学思想并非属于纯粹的德国传统,而是充分吸收了东方印度吠檀多和中国佛学、理学的元素,在基本理念上能与东方思想相互印证,具有内在的一致性。近20余年来,瑞士学者乌尔斯·艾普(Urs App)采用历史文献学方法,对德国法兰克福市图书馆叔本华档案的批注和摘抄文献的发掘与研究,确证了在叔本华意志论的酝酿期,《奥义书》是最关键的思想来源,叔本华持续关注中国佛学与理学,从中获得理论支撑。正是因为叔本华哲学蕴含着浓郁的东方文化内质,王国维读叔本华著作才有惬理餍心之感,并借这一通道而进入欧洲哲学世界。王国维站在近代中西交汇点上,在叔本华哲学美学思想的启发下,激活中国古代遭到“缘情诗学”抑制的“理感”“尚意诗学”传统,提出他的“境界”说,强调主体的精神超越性,主体摆脱世俗的羁绊,静观人生和宇宙的实相而呈现于文字。这种“境界”理论既得益于叔本华美学理论的启迪,也秉承了中国传统的诗学脉络,是融汇中西的近代诗学建构。

In recent years,there are two opposing viewpoints on Wang Guowei's“art realm”theory.How to evaluate Wang Guowei's acceptance of Schopenhauer's philosophical aesthetics is still a problem.Schopenhauer was the first Western philosopher who turned his sights to the East Asia.Beyond the pure German tradition,his philosophy has fully absorbed the elements of Oriental Indian Vedanta,Chinese Buddhism and Neo-Confucianism,which can be mutually confirmed with eastern Asian thought.Over the recent 20 years,Urs App,a Swiss scholar,firstly adopted a historical philological approach to study Schopenhauer's notes and extracts from archives in the library of Frankfurt,Germany,and confirmed that the Oupnek's hat was his most crucial source in the gestation period of Schopenhauer's metaphysics of will.Schopenhauer paid attention to Chinese Buddhism and Neo-Confucianism continuously,from which he gained theoretical support.Because of the Oriental culture elements in Schopenhauer philosophy,Wang Guowei could read and understand Schopenhauer's works deeply,and by this channel he accepted the European philosophy and aesthetics.In the modern openly cultural background,inspired by Schopenhauer's philosophy and aesthetics,Wang Guowei activated the weak tradition of philosophical poetry in ancient China,which was suppressed by lyric poetry,advocated his“art realm”theory,which means that the subject has the spiritual transcendence,gets rid of the worldly desires,quietly gain an insight into the reality of life and the universe and presents it in words.Wang Guowei's art realm theory not only benefited from the enlightenment of Schopenhauer's aesthetic theory,but also inherited Chinese poetic tradition,which linked China poetic and the West aesthetic.