为艺术而艺术和无产阶级写作

Art for Art’s Sake and Proletarian Writing

在19世纪与20世纪之交,西方文学界发生了影响较大的"为艺术而艺术"的文学思潮。当时的马克思主义文论正处于初始建构的发展过程中,普列汉诺夫从艺术不能超越社会生活的立场,批判了"为艺术而艺术"文学思潮的虚假性。卢卡奇一直认为,普列汉诺夫的这些美学观点与第二国际领导人僵化的科学主义一样,根本没有从艺术自身特殊性的实际出发来认识"为艺术而艺术"思潮发生的文学事实。因此他认为,"为艺术而艺术"运动是文学自身的时代的社会悲剧,其根源在于这样的一个事实,因为艺术家总是以生命的即时性来感知生命,而资本主义社会的发展使人类的追求、人与人之间的关系抽象得难以忍受、不可感知,无法形成艺术。艺术对现实的态度的基础,被扰乱了,艺术家正常的感知和体验实际上不可能实现。这些伟大而真诚的作家不是故作脱离社会生活的虚伪的清高,而是处于对社会的真实的绝望之中。而无产阶级革命,特别是俄国革命的成功,打破了资本主义的社会关系,可以使资本主义社会中"为艺术而艺术"的艺术家找到一条挽回他们作为艺术家生活的重生之路。

At the turn of the 19 th and 20 th centuries,the western literary world had a literary trend of thought that was"inspired by art and art.At that time,Marxist literary theory was in the process of initial construction.From the standpoint that art cannot transcend social life,Plekhanov criticized the falsity of the literary trend of thought of"art for art’s sake".Lukacs has always maintained that Plekhanov’s aesthetic views,like the rigid scientism of the Second International leaders,did not fundamentally understand the literary facts of the"art for art"trend of thought from the reality of art’s own particularity.Therefore,he believes that the"art for art"movement is the social tragedy in the era of literature itself.Its roots lie in the fact that artists always perceive life with the immediacy of life,and the development of capitalist society makes humans pursuits,the relationship of humans with one another unbearably abstract,unsensuous,incapable of being shaped into art.The basis of artistic attitude towards reality is disturbed,and the artist’s normal perception and experience are virtually impossible to achieve.These great and honest writers are not pretending to be a hypocritical and aloof from social life,but in the real despair of society.The success of the proletarian revolution,especially the Russian revolution,had broken the social relations of capitalism and enabled artists of"art for art"in the capitalist society to find a way to restore their lives as artists.