基于无人机遥感技术的煤矿地表监测与分析

Coal mine surface monitoring and analysis based on UAV remote sensing technology

煤矿采区地面主要地质灾害是煤矿井下采煤过程中导致砂石结构改变而产生的地表移动,一般表现为土层裂隙、沉陷盆地、沉陷坑洞、沉陷槽沟以及由此衍生的滑坡坍塌等类型。在高强度开采区工艺下产生的地面移动有沉陷区具面积大、地表变化动态发展和危险性高等特点。当前,煤矿地表形态和裂缝的监测主要依靠人工巡检,传统人工监测手段无法保证高效率和大面积精细监测,对综采工作面地面塌陷的发育规律认识不清,人员驾驶飞机监测和卫星遥感技术拍摄画面分辨率不足,同时对土层裂隙宽度比较小的地点无法精准识别,严重制约了智能化矿山地质安全保障建设进程。针对以上问题,提出以无人机为平台,搭载遥感设备的技术实现对煤矿采区地表形态变化的监测与规律分析。无人机遥感技术具有高作业效率、低维护成本、高感知精度、系统易维护等特点,可以对受采动影响区域的地表进行高速拍摄,比对人工实地勘察信息,能准确有效地完成采煤区域地面移动的监测工作,可为整个矿区的地面沉陷监测工作提供技术装备支撑。实践表明,采用无人机遥感技术对煤矿地表进行周期性监测,其监测精度可达1 cm,经过图像数据智能采集、分析和模型构建,可充分发现煤矿地面塌陷发育规律,有效解决采区地面塌陷地质灾害监测中的难题。

The main surface geological disaster in coal mining area is the surface movement caused by the change of sand and stone structure in the process of underground coal mining,which is generally manifested as soil fissures,subsidence basins,subsidence pits,subsidence grooves and the landslide collapse derived therefrom.The ground movement caused by high strength mining area technology has the characteristics of large subsidence area,dynamic development of surface change and high risk.At present,the monitoring of mine surface morphology and fracture mainly rely on manual inspection,the traditional manual monitoring method cannot assure high efficiency and careful monitoring of large area,the development rule understanding of surface collapse of fully mechanized working face is not clear,they fly a plane monitoring and satellite remote sensing technology of footage resolution is insufficient,the location of the soil fissure width smaller cannot accurately identify,Seriously restrict the construction process of intelligent mine geological safety assurance.In view of the above problems,the technology of unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)platform carrying remote sensing equipment is proposed to realize the monitoring and law analysis of surface morphological changes in coal mining areas.Uav remote sensing technology with high efficiency,low maintenance cost,high accuracy of perception,system,easy maintenance and so on characteristics,can be affected by the mining area of the surface for high speed photography,than artificial field investigation information,accurately and effectively complete the mining area ground mobile monitoring work,can provide the whole mining ground subsidence monitoring technology and equipment support.Practice shows that the monitoring accuracy can reach 1 cm by using UAV remote sensing technology to periodically monitor the surface of coal mine.Through intelligent acquisition,analysis and model construction of image data,the development law of coal mine ground collapse can be fully discovered and the difficult problem in monitoring geological disaster of mining area ground collapse can be effectively solved.