从百戏传播看“上有所好”对汉代民俗的影响

A Study on the Influence of the Upper Class’s Hobbies on Folk Customs in the Han Dynasty from the Perspective of the Transmission of Baixi

作为一种引人注目的民俗现象,在汉武帝及上层社会的影响和推动下,百戏从上层走入下层,从宫廷又深入民间,达到空前繁盛的状态。汉代百戏在民间传播的途径有三:一是组织传播,由政府出面组织百戏演出,并向百姓开放;二是依靠群体传播,主要是由民间的表演团体和游艺艺人流动演出;三是人际传播,由民众主动参与,彼此交流。汉代百戏体现出的"礼俗互动"特质十分明显,这与百戏多层次的传播途径密切相关。当百戏在国家层面升格为"礼"后,它在民间的发展并未停滞,"俗"的一面更为兴盛,几乎渗透到了民间生活的各个方面,并由此促成了汉代民俗的转变。一方面,百戏丰富了汉代民间的游艺和娱乐活动内容,改变了时人的节庆及休闲方式;另一方面,又促进了宴乐风俗、祭祀风俗、丧葬风俗等内容和形式的发展和变化。

As a kind of remarkable folk phenomenon,with the influence and promotion of Emperor Wudi and other upper-class members in the Han Dynasty,Baixi(ageneral term for all informal performances)flowed from the upper class to the lower class,from the court to the folk,and reached an unprecedented state of prosperity.There were three main ways for the transmission of Baixi in the Han Dynasty.The first is organization transmission.Baixi was organized by the government and opened to the people.The second is group transmission,mainly practiced by the folk performing groups and strolling players.The third is interpersonal transmission,in which the public took an active part and communicated with each other.Baixi reveals the distinct characteristics of etiquette-custom interaction,which was closely related to the multi-level transmission channels of it.When Baixi was elevated to the status of"etiquette"at the national level,it continued to blossom among the people,and the"custom"aspect became more prosperous,which permeated almost all aspects of the folk life and contributed to the transformation of the folk customs in the Han Dynasty.On the one hand,Baixi enriched the content of folk games and entertainment activities,changing the festivals and leisure ways of people in the Han Dynasty.On the other hand,Baixi also promoted the developments and changes of the content and form of banquet music customs,sacrificial customs and funeral customs.