语体语法视域下《诗经》摹状类格式“AA”“A其”“其A”“有A”的分布探究

Study of the Distribution of the Depictive Forms“AA”“A其”“其A”“有A”in The Book of Songs from the Vision of Stylistic Register Grammar

《诗经》摹状类格式“AA”“A其”“其A”“有A”(A指形容词),历来都从语义上解释为状态形容词“AA然”的做法是正确的,而前辈学者有关四者的语法研究则多集中于讨论“其”“有”的词性。已有的语义和语法研究都只解释了“AA”“A其”“其A”“有A”是什么的问题,而没有解释为什么四者的语义相同而形式不同。语体语法的相关研究为解释“为什么”的问题提供了新角度,即,“AA”“A其”“其A”“有A”四者语义上相同,形式上的差异是由不同语体造成的。这四种格式语体上的不同,可以根据其在《风》《雅》《颂》中的分布情况得到基本证明,亦可根据韵律形式与语体功能的对应关系作出进一步的解释。其中,“AA”是正式体,“A其”是俗常体,“其A”可以看作是“A其”的变文形式,“有A”是庄典体。对于语体类型与其在《风》《雅》《颂》中的分布情况不符的诗句,可以根据语体鉴定标准“人地事意”的四个维度作出说明。最后,那些看似不符合语体分布规律和鉴定标准的诗句,可以认为是《风》《雅》《颂》诗篇分类时没有绝对界限的体现,这种现象依然符合语体的二元对立原则。

The depictive forms“AA”“A其”“其A”“有A”(A means adjective)in The Book of Songs are used to be interpreted as the depictive adjective“AA然”from the semantic angle.This way of interpretation is correct.Senior scholars'gram matical research concentrates on the discussion of syntactical features of“其”and“有”The semantic and grammatical research can only explain what the depictive forms“AA”“A其”“其A”“有A”are,but can not illustrate why they turn out to be different forms.Related researches on stylistic register grammar provide more angles to answer it:“AA”“A其”“其A”“有A”are same in semantics,but are different in stylistic register.The stylistic-register difference among“AA”“A其”“其A”“有A”can be proven not only from their distribution in Feng(《风》),Ya(《雅》)and Song(《颂》),but also from the correspondence between prosodic forms and stylistic-register functions,that is,“AA”is the formal form;“A其”and“其A”are the casual forms,and“其A”is the variation of“A其”;“有A”is the elegant form.As for some stylistic register types of“AA”“A其”“其A”“有A”which are not corresponding to their distribution in Feng(《风》),Ya(《雅》)and Song(《颂》),it can be identified from four dimensions,that is,who(人),where(地),what(事)and how(意).Last but not least,for some situations that“AA”“A其”“其A”“有A”are inconsistent with stylistic register distribution and dimensions of identification,they can be identified as the reflection of which are no absolutely boundaries between Feng(《风》)、Ya(《雅》)and Song(《颂》)。It is still compliant with the principle of binary opposition in stylistic register grammar.