“内朝”“外朝”考辨

Textual Research on Neichao(内朝)and Waichao(外朝)

以《汉语大词典》为代表的几部大型辞书包括《中国历史大辞典》对"内朝""外朝"的解释都不同程度地存在问题。周代天子、诸侯皆有三朝:外朝一,内朝二。"内朝二"指的是路门内之"燕朝"和路门外之"治朝",而典型的"外朝"不是《汉语大词典》"外朝"条所说的"治朝",它是"燕朝""治朝"之外的另一处,是一个露天的场所,周代天子、诸侯于此判决疑难案件和就迁都、立君、应对国危等"非常之事"召集臣民广泛征求意见。而路门外作为内朝之一的"治朝"相对于路门内的"燕朝"亦可称为"外朝"。

There are some mistakes in the interpretation of Neichao(内朝)and Waichao(外朝)in several large dictionaries represented by the Great Chinese Dictionary(《汉语大词典》),including the Great Dictionary of Chinese History(《中国历史大辞典》).In the Zhou Dynasty,the emperor and the princes all had three imperial courts:one outer imperial court and two inner imperial courts.Two inner imperial courts referred to the Yanchao(燕朝)in Lumen(路门)and the Zhichao(治朝)outside Lumen(路门).The typical Waichao(外朝)was not the Zhichao(治朝)mentioned in the Waichao(外朝)article in the Great Chinese Dictionary.It was another place besides the Yanchao(燕朝)and the Zhichao(治朝).It’s an open space.In the Zhou Dynasty,the emperor and the princes made judgments on difficult cases and called on subjects to solicit opinions on“extraordinary matters”such as moving the capital,establishing the monarch and coping with the national crisis in this open space.As one of the inner imperial courts,the Zhichao(治朝)outside Lumen(路门)could also be called Waichao(外朝)compared with the Yanchao(燕朝)in Lumen(路门).