《国语》研读札记二则——兼谈语义、语法相结合的考据方法

Two Reading Notes on Guoyu:And Talk about the Combination of Syntactic and Semantic Analysis as Textual Research Method

本文从语义、语法两个角度对《国语》中存在歧解的两个句子做详细考证,论证其确切的语义和句法结构,排除误读,并在此基础上探讨语义、语法相结合的方法对于文献考证的重要价值和对于汉语史研究的重要意义。我们的主要结论是:"道路以目"的"以目"当为"使用眼睛",若把"目"解释为名词用作动词,不符合上古汉语语法规则,语义上亦不能通;"犹其原隰之有衍沃"和"犹其有原隰衍沃",二者语义和句法结构都有所不同,后者更符合上古语法、语义特点。

There are different interpretations of two clauses in Guoyu.This paper makes a careful study of the two clauses from the perspective of syntax and semantics,and then we determine the specific meaning and syntactic structure of them.Base on the specific cases,we talk about the significance of integrated syntax and semantics for both textual research and Old Chinese study.The main conclusion:"yi mu"(以目)in the clause"dao lu yi mu"(道路以目)means"use eyes",and in this clause"mu"(目)is not surfaced as verb.Otherwise,the clause is unreasonable from both the syntactic and semantic view.The specific meaning and syntactic structure of the two clauses"you qi you yuan xi zhi you yan wo"(犹其原隰之有衍沃)and"you qi you yuan xi yan wo ye"(犹其有原隰衍沃也)are different,and the latter is identical to the semantic features and grammatical features of Old Chinese.