口传文学所见之晚清收复新疆历史——以三则新疆杂话口传史实及其价值为例

Oral Iiterature about Recapture of Xinjiang History in the Late Qing Dynasty:The Historical Facts and Their Value of Three Xinjiang Zahua as an Example

20世纪以来新史学运动追寻"整体历史"的历史观,强调"自下而上"看历史。新疆杂话是颇具特色的一种口传文学样式,如果把杂话视为历史文本,则契合了社会史的研究视角。在新疆巴里坤、木垒、乌鲁木齐等地流传着数则关于讲述晚清新疆历史风云的杂话作品,以其独特的口传、记忆方式,巧妙地记述了光绪年间清廷收复新疆的西征史实。这与一般意义上史学家和精英言论里的"历史"不同,它是普通老百姓眼中的历史,是一种民间史观,为我们探究此间真实的历史开辟了一个别样路径。它是有血有肉亲历表达之活的历史,更是三重时空口传叠加之集体记忆,形成了经久传播不可估量的语言力量。

Since the 20 th century,the New Historiography Movement has pursued the historical view of"whole history",emphasizing"bottom-up"view of history.Xinjiang zahua is a characteristic oral literature style.If the zahua is regarded as a historical text,it fits the research perspective of social history.In Balikun,Mulei,Urumqi and other places in Xinjiang,there are several zahua stories about Xinjiang’s history in the late Qing Dynasty.With their unique oral and memory methods,they ingeniously record the historical facts of the Western Expedition that the Qing court recovered Xinjiang during the Guangxu period.This is different from the"history"in the opinion of historians and elites in the general sense.It is the history in the eyes of ordinary people,and it is a kind of folk view of history.It opens up a different way for us to explore the real history at that time.It is not only a living history with flesh and blood,but also a collective memory of the triple time,space and oral superposition,forming an immeasurable linguistic power that has been spreading for a long time.