论朗西埃对布尔迪厄的批评——战后法国哲学与社会科学的学科政治及审美之争

On Rancière's Criticism of Bourdieu:The Disciplinary Politics and Aesthetic Controversy Between Philosophy and Social Sciences in Postwar France

20世纪八九十年代,朗西埃在审美感知、反美学及判断力的教育问题上多次批评布尔迪厄,这在一定程度上影响了他的美学理论形态。从写作上看,批评布尔迪厄是他思考“政治的美学化”的一个必要环节。这种必要性表现在:一是布尔迪厄的“区隔”对朗西埃的“美学异托邦”的潜在损害;二是布尔迪厄所认为的工人阶级因为失去“闲暇”而陷入无知与受压迫的循环的观点,与朗西埃所预设的人人皆有判断力、人人皆可解放自己的政治主体构想相悖。某种意义上,这种美学立场的分歧,其实是战后法国哲学与社会科学的学科政治的延伸。

In the 1980s and 1990s,Rancière repeatedly criticized Bourdieu on the issues of aesthetic perception,anti-aesthetics,and the education of judgment,which to a certain extent influenced the shape of his aesthetic theory.In terms of his writing,criticizing Bourdieu functioned as a necessary part of his thinking about the“aesthetics of politics”in two ways:firstly,Bourdieu's“distinction”had potential threat to Rancière's“aesthetic heterotopia”;secondly,Bourdieu's view that the working class is trapped in a cycle of ignorance and oppression due to the loss of“skholè”is in contrary to Rancière's conception of a political subject in which everyone has the ability of judgement and everyone can emancipate himself.In a sense,this divergence in aesthetic positions can be seen as an extension of the disciplinary politics of philosophy and social science in postwar France.