机械复制时代的拜物景观与另类反抗——重思本雅明都市叙事中的资本批判思想

Fetishism and Alternative Resistance in the Era of Mechanical Reproduction——Rethinking Criticism of Capital in Benjamin’s Urban Narrative

破解资本生产的本质与逻辑之谜是根本性地透视与把握资本主义社会的发展、消亡的基本前提。面向工业时代以来资本塑造下的复杂文明样态,“欧洲最后一位文人”——本雅明着力以都市叙事的风格、空间批判的视角以及隐喻现实的意象来捕捉资本的外观及其核心内核。本文以其作品中“拱廊街”“机械复制时代”“闲逛者”三个意象为切入点,深度阐释本雅明关于资本批判的主要观点。本雅明笔下的“拱廊街”意象描述了现代社会中绚烂奢华、人群涌动的商品聚集地,它侧写了资本时代的拜物景观。正是通过对这拜物景观的剖析,本雅明发现了其背后所掩盖着的资本时代的本质,即“机械复制时代”。实质上“机械复制时代”意象揭示了资本时代生产力变革的实质即生产方式的变革,同时也暴露了资本时代生产力的产物形式上的变革即丧失了灵韵(Aura)的复制化,表征了资本生产幻相之下自由与平等的空场。这种生产的幻相形塑了无意识的人群,但批判现实总是需要“有意识”的反抗力量。因此,本雅明重塑了“闲逛者”意象,这一意象描述了反现代性视域下的知识阶层,它构成了资本时代的另类反抗群体。本雅明关于资本批判的三个意象,建构了解读资本主义的新维度,在此意义上,对于丰富资本批判的研究主题与推进当代西方马克思主义研究有着重要的学理意义。

To solve the mystery in the essence and logic of capital production is basic to seeing through and grasping the development and extinction of capitalist society.Facing the complex civilization shaped by capital since the industrial age,Benjamin—"the last scholar in Europe"—focuses on capturing the appearance and core of capital with the style of urban narrative,the perspective of spatial criticism and the image of metaphorical reality.Based on his three images of"arcades","era of mechanical reproduction"and"flaneur",this paper explains in depth Benjamin’s critique of capitalism.The image of"arcades"in Benjamin’s works describes the gorgeous,luxurious and crowded commodity gathering place in modern society.It describes the landscape of fetishism in the age of capitalism.It is through the analysis of this fetishizing landscape that Benjamin finds the essence of the capitalism hidden beneath it—that is,the"era of mechanical reproduction".The image reveals the essence of the change in productivity in the capitalist age—that is,the change of mode of production.At the same time,it also exposes the formal change of the product of productivity under capitalism—that is,the loss of the Aura’s duplication,which represents the empty space of freedom and equality under the illusion of capitalist production.This illusion of production shaped the unconscious crowd,but criticizing reality always needs"conscious"resistance.Therefore,Benjamin reshapes the image of"flaneur",which describes the intellectual class from the perspective of antimodernity and constitutes an alternative resistance group in the age of capitalism.Benjamin’s three images of anti-capitalist critique construct a new dimension of understanding capitalism.In this sense,it has important theoretical significance for enriching the research theme of anti-capitalist critique and promoting the research of contemporary Western Marxism.