马克思哲学文本中的SchÖnheit和Ästhetik及其“美学”立场

Schönheit and Ästhetik in the Text of Marx's Philosophy and Marx's Aesthetic Standpoint

"美"最早出现于古希腊神话,在柏拉图、亚里士多德,康德、黑格尔等西方的主要哲学中都是一个重要概念。在马克思哲学中,"美"(SchÖnheit)的涵义超越了之前的所有西方哲学。"美"既不再作为柏拉图的"理式"的属性或黑格尔的"理念"的感性显现,也不是如在亚里士多德和康德哲学中是作为"技艺、艺术"的属性,而是转而建立在"劳动"的基础上。在马克思的哲学文本中,对"美"的阐述主要出现在"手稿"中,是在"劳动"基础上的三个相关命题:劳动创造美,美的法则,美和人的感性。在马克思的"美"中,人的理性和感性的对立、"美"和"善"的对立、理论和实践的对立,都一并得到了现实地消除和解决。因此,马克思对那个始于鲍姆嘉通的近代学科"美学"(Ästhetik)并不积极,也没有多少好感。马克思哲学中的"美"不是对"美"的描述或解释,而是人在改变世界中的主动创造,自然美、技艺(技艺)美、艺术美在"劳动"中取得了统一的同一性。"美"和"美学"进入了新的历史发展语境。

The term"Schönheit"(beauty)first appeared in ancient Greek mythology.It is also an important concept in Plato,Aristotle,Kant,Hegel and other major western philosophy.In Marx's philosophy,the meaning of"Schönheit"transcends all previous western philosophy.It is no longer regarded as one of the attributes of"idea"in Plato's philosophy,or as the perceptual manifestation of"idea"in Hegel,nor as the attributes of"techne"and"art"in philosophy of Aristotle and Kant,but rather based on the notion of"labor"In the texts of Marx's philosophy,the elaboration of"Schönheit"mainly appears in Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844,in which there are three related propositions based on the notion of labor:beauty created in labor,the law of beauty,beauty and human sensibility.In the meaning of Marx's"Schönheit,the opposition between human reason and sensibility,beauty and good,theory and practice,have all been eliminated and solved realistically.Therefore,Marx didn't take a positive attitude towards the modern subject"Aesthetics"which was started from Baumgarten.In Marxist philosophy,beauty is not the description or explanation of the term"Schönheit",but the active creation of human beings who is changing the world.The beauty in nature,technéand art,are all united in labor."Schönheit"and"Aesthetics"have entered a new context of historical development by Marx's philosophy.