从防卫到正当防卫——论正当防卫制度建构的民间法基础

From Defense to Justifiable Defense——On the Civil Law Basis for the Construction of Justifiable Defense System

现有研究大多在已建成的正当防卫制度框架中来讨论正当防卫问题。而近年公众热议正当防卫案的现实景象提醒我们有必要转换视角,从规范框架外思索正当防卫制度的构建因由。基于民间法视角,运用比较研究的方法,在总结与正当防卫性质近似的复仇及决斗制度之消亡原因的基础上可知:防卫具有普遍、即时的自然特征。它决定了防卫能长存于人类社会且难以被其他制度取代。与此同时,防卫符合大众朴素的正义观且社会危害性较小,得以使公权力“容忍”它的存在。但由于防卫具有潜在危及社会秩序的风险,公权组织不得不建构一套精致的制度来规制防卫。在公权力的主导下,司法过程构建了正当防卫制度的基本框架,而充斥于司法过程中的各色社会主体则在细节上丰富了正当防卫的制度内容。解决有关正当防卫的争议不在于对某单一价值的推崇,而是要认识到不同价值标准背后所根植的现实经济社会背景,并对此做长足的探索与审慎的思考。

Most of the existing research in the established self-defense system framework to discuss the issue of self-defense.In recent years,the reality of public debate on self-defense cases reminds us of the need to change our perspective and think about the reasons for the construction of the self-defense system from outside the normative framework.Based on the civil law perspective,the use of comparative research methods,in summary with the nature of self-defense is similar to the revenge and dueling system of the reasons for the demise of the basis can be seen:defense has a universal,immediate natural characteristics.It determines that defense can survive in human society and is difficult to be replaced by other systems.At the same time,defense is in line with the publics simple concept of justice and less harmful to society,so that the public power to“tolerate”its existence.However,because of the risk of potential danger to the social order,the public power organization has to construct a set of delicate system to regulate the defense.Under the domination of public power,the judicial process has constructed the basic framework of the self-defense system,while the various social subjects in the judicial process have enriched the institutional content of self-defense in detail.The solution to the controversy over self-defense does not lie in the promotion of a single value,but rather to recognize the reality of the economic and social background rooted behind the different value standards,and to do a long exploration and prudent thinking.