《民法典》第10条中“习惯”的司法适用:识别、顺位与限定要件

Judicial Application of"custom"in Article 10 of civil Code:Identification,Sequence and Qualification Elements

《民法典》第10条确认了“习惯”的法源地位,彰显出民法规范体系的开放性。“习惯”的司法适用首先应当对其识别。该条款指涉的“习惯”实质上是习惯法,包括一定社群内主体对社会惯习的规范性法之确信与反复、持续特定行为的事实上习惯的主客观要件。事实上习惯界定标准中理论论及的缺乏与裁判实践理解的模糊性,需要进一步具化该标准。适用顺位上,习惯法优先于民事规范中的任意规范、非涉及公共利益和社会秩序的强制规范,其优位性应当从民事合同扩展至物权、继承、婚姻家庭等领域。习惯法作为裁判依据需要符合两项限定要件:存在待决规则的“开放性”法律漏洞,以“外部救济”手段的习惯法予以填补;通过价值范畴的公序良俗检练,导入合乎特定时代社情的良习理念。

Article 10 of the Civil Code confirms the legal source status of"custom"and shows the openness of the normative system of civil law.The judicial application of"custom"should first identify it.The"custom"referred to in this article is essentially the customary law,including the subjective and objective elements of the actual custom of the subjects in a certain community who are convinced of the normative law of social habitus and repeated and sustained specific behavior.As a matter of fact,the lack of theoretical discussion and the fuzziness of judgment practice in the standard of custom definition need to be further formulated.In order of application,customary law takes precedence over arbitrary norms in civil norms,compulsory norms not related to public interests and social order,and its primacy should be extended from civil contract to property right,inheritance,marriage and family.As the basis of judgment,the customary law should meet two limiting requirements:there is an"open"legal loophole in pending rules,which should be filled by the customary law of"external remedy":Through the inspection and practice of the public order and good customs of value category,the good habit idea in line with the social situation of a specific era is introduced.