内陆水域使用权:法定物权抑或习惯物权

Inland Water Use Rights:Legal Usufructuary Rights or Customary Usufructuary Right

在遵循严格的物权法定原则下,养殖权不能纳入法定物权的范畴中,只能视为一种习惯物权。若采取遵循物权法定缓和主义,虽然可以将其解释入法定物权中,但是养殖权的权利定位会带来许多理论与实务界问题,如养殖权与海域使用权、土地承包经营权的冲突。出现这种问题的原因在于我国法律缺乏对内陆水域使用权的规定,内陆水域使用权应当作为法定物权在民法典物权编中予以规定,内陆水域使用权是利用水域权利的上位权利,其下位权利包括内陆水域承包经营权、建设项目水域使用权、娱乐水域使用权、公益水域权。内陆水域使用权的设立应当遵循用益物权设立的法理,通过招标、拍卖等方式予以取得,自然人或法人在与行政机关签订水域使用权合同后,还应当去不动产登记机关进行不动产登记,才能取得该水域使用权。按照深化党和国家机构改革方案的要求,新成立的自然资源部为内陆水域使用权的设立主体。内陆水域使用权的构造能够充分发挥物权的效力,保障水域使用权人的利益,并且弥补立法空白问题。

Under the strict legal principle of property rights,the fishery rights cannot be included in the scope of legal usufructuary rights,and can only be regarded as a customary usufructuary right.If we follow the legal mitigation of property rights,although the fishery rights can be interpreted into legal property rights,the right positioning of aquaculture rights will bring many theoretical and practical issues,such as the conflict between aquaculture rights and sea area use rights and land contract management rights.The reason for this problem lies in the lack of provisions on the right to use inland waters in our country's laws.The right to use inland waters should be stipulated in the compilation of property rights in the Civil Code.Inland water use rights are the upper right in the use of water rights,and their subordinate rights include inland waters contractual management rights,construction project water use rights,recreational water use rights,and public water rights.The establishment of the right to use inland waters shall follow the legal principles established by the usufructuary rights and be obtained through bidding,auction,etc.After the natural person or legal person signs the water use right contract with the administrative organ,it shall also go to the real estate registration authority to register the real property,and obtain the right to use the water.In accordance with the requirements of deepening the reform plan of the party and state institutions,the newly established Ministry of Natural Resources is the main body of the right to use inland waters.The construction of inland water use rights can fully exert the effectiveness of real rights,protect the interests of water users,and make up for legislative gaps.