美国对华高科技人才的限制与争夺——基于拜登政府执政以来的立法和政策分析

The Restrictions and Competition for High-tech Talents taken by the U.S.against China——Based on Legislation and Policy Analysis of the Biden Administration

中美战略博弈的烈度持续上升,科技竞争成为中美大国战略博弈的主战场,拜登政府继承了前任政府对华强硬路线和战略进攻态势,依然将遏制中国科技崛起作为美国对华科技政策的核心。科技竞争的制高点是人才的争夺,当前中美之间的科技差距大于经济差距,人才差距又大于科技差距。如何在中美科技博弈中赢得人才竞争是决胜的关键,也是当下国内科技界和决策层直面的重大现实问题。本文从感知中美高科技人才争夺态势入手,聚焦美国遏制中国影响力的最新科技立法和政策,针对美国对华科技人才政策的双重标准,大规模限缩STEM领域中国留学生签证,美国司法部炮制“中国行动计划”,滥用刑事手段迫害华裔科学家,强迫芯片领域人才站队二选一等问题,分析美国对华科技立法和政策给人才争夺带来的影响和发展趋势,探索在百年未有之大变局的时代背景下如何突破美国对华科技人才高位限制打压的困局,加快节奏深化实施人才强国战略,掌握科技人才争夺的主动权,着力形成积极有效的人才国际竞争的比较优势。

The intensity of the strategic competition between China and the United States continues to rise,and technological competition has become the main battlefield.The Biden administration has inherited the hard line and strategic offensive posture against China from the previous administration,and still regards curbing the rise of China as the core of the U.S.policy.The commanding heights of technological competition is the competition for talents.Currently,the technological gap between China and the United States is greater than the economic gap.and the talent gap is even greater than the technological gap.How to win the talent competition in the Sino-U.S.science and technology game is the key to victory.It is also a major practical issue faced by the domestic science and technology community and decision-makers.This article starts from the perception of the competition for high-tech talents between China and the United States,focusing on the latest legislation and policies of the United States.In response to the double standards of the talent policy,the U.S.has massively restricted visas for Chinese students in the STEM field,introducing“China Initiative”by the U.S.Department of Justice with criminal means to persecute Chinese scientists,forcing talents in the chip field to choose line.etc.The article is to analyze the impact and development trends of the US legislation and policies for talents,and explore the challenges in the context of the changing times,explore how to break through the United States'suppression and restrictions on high-tech talents.With the purpose of accelerating the pace of the strategy on developing a quality workforce in the new era and forming an active and effective comparative advantage in the international competition for talents.