试析美国反就业歧视制度发展

The Development of U.S.Anti-discrimination Institution on Employment

美国反就业歧视制度的发展进程可分为三个阶段:20世纪60—70年代为产生和兴起阶段;80年代为收缩和创新阶段;90年代至今为整体扩张和局部回调阶段。从该发展进程可知:该制度如今陷入了有效规制显性歧视与隐性歧视规制不足并存、就业歧视指控胜诉率和案件数量下降、非诉讼方式解决就业歧视纠纷激增之瓶颈,但该制度在扩充公平就业机会权利的广度和深度、完善就业歧视纠纷举证责任标准、建立良性劳动力市场竞争秩序方面为我国提供了域外经验。此外,拜登政府在反歧视领域频频发力为该制度的扩张创造了外部环境,但其在拜登政府时期能否获得实质性进展仍充满变数。

U.S.Anti-discrimination Institution on Employment could be divided into three stages:Phase one,from1960s to1970s,the origin and rise;Phase two,in the 1980s,retraction and innovation;Phase three,from1990s to now,overall expansion and partial correction.From the whole development phases of the institution,it could be drawn that explicit discrimination has been effectively controlled but not implicit discrimination,the win rate and number of employment discrimination case decrease,and more and more employment discrimination cases have been settled through ADR.On the other hand,China can draw lessons from the U.S.institution in terms of broadening right of equal employment opportunity,improving burden of proof rule,and maintaining robust competitive order of labor market.Moreover,although the Biden administration has made frequent efforts in the field of anti-discrimination to create an external environment for the expansion of the institution,whether it can make substantial progress during the Biden administration is still full of uncertainties.