多数人侵权案件中的既判力问题研究

Research on Res Judicata in Majority Tort Cases

多数人侵权是债之法律关系发生的重要原因,当事人分别起诉后面临的程序处理问题长期困扰着司法实务。该问题外在表现为规范之间的冲突,以及规范与实务的不相对应,背后关涉的根本内容是此类特殊案件的既判力问题。从消极既判力角度来看,多数人侵权案件没有限制当事人另行起诉,无论是多数人连带责任还是按份责任,都可通过扩张诉讼标的理论,将其中部分类型划入必要共同诉讼之中,重新划定诉讼系属便可一次性解决问题。同时,亦可从积极既判力方面入手,对于存在的实体法和程序法的不对应问题,结合民事实体法基础理论进行研究。在此基础上,可以选择参考类似必要共同诉讼理论或者明确前诉裁判理由和结论的“预决效力”两种方案,解决多数人侵权案件中连带责任的问题。

Multiple tortfeasors’cases are an important reason for the legal relationship of debts.When the parties sue separately,the procedural issues have long plagued judicial practice.The external manifestation is the conflict among norms and the non-correspondence between norms and practice.The fundamental issue is the res judicata of such special cases.From the perspective of negative res judicata,multiple tortfeasors’cases do not restrict the parties to sue separately.Whether it is joint liability or share liability,it is advisable to use the theory of expanding the subject matter of the litigation to classify some of these into the necessary joint litigation,and redefine the litigation system to solve the problem at one time.At the same time,we can start with positive res judicata in response to the inconsistency between the substantive law and the procedural law in multiple tort disputes.Combining the theory of civil substantive law,we can clarify the relationship between the former and the latter litigation.On this basis,it’s optional to refer to similar necessary co-action theory or clarify the“pre-determination effect”of the reasons and conclusions of the pre-suit judgment.These are especially suitable for solving the problem of joint liability.