论“正常经营买受人规则”的正当性与适用

The Legitimate Foundation and Application of the“Buyer Rule in Ordinary Course of Business”

《民法典》“正常经营买受人规则”的制度设计不具有正当性,主要表现在忽略买受人判断“正常经营活动”的成本致使交易效率不必然提高,试图平衡各方利益却依然以牺牲抵押权人利益为最终表现形态,未将融资合同谈判成本纳入考量而得出有利于融资的结论不够周延,借鉴《美国统一商法典》的规则构造在我国物债二分体系下存在“排斥反应”。为修正上述不正当性,应对《民法典》第404条作如下解释:首先,正常经营活动应限定在营业执照的经营范围内以降低买受人判断成本;其次,通过要求买受人实际支付合理价款,以及限定交付抵押财产不包括“占有改定”的方式来维护抵押权人利益,从而平衡三方主体利益;再次,要求买受人“善意”与豁免买受人查询登记义务相冲突,应排除在外;最后,为维护《民法典》形式逻辑体系的统一性,应将《民法典》第404条的“动产”限缩解释为“存货”。

The system design of the“buy rule in ordinary course of business”of the Civil Code is not justified,which is mainly reflected in the fact that the buyer ignores the cost for“ordinary course of business”in its judgment,thus the transaction efficiency is not necessarily improved.The attempt to balance the interests of all parties is ultimately reflected at the sacrifice of the interests of the mortgagee.It is not thorough enough to draw a conclusion favorable to financing without considering the cost of financing contract negotiation.There is“repulsive reaction”in the system of property and debt dichotomy by reference to the rule structure of Uniform Commercial Code of the United States.In order to amend the above unjustifiability,Article 404 of the Civil Code should be interpreted as follows:Firstly,normal business activities should be limited to the business scope of the business license so as to reduce the judgment cost of the Buyer.Secondly,the interests of the Mortgagee should be safeguarded by requiring the Buyer to actually pay a reasonable price and restricting that the delivery of the Mortgaged Property does not include“change in possession”so as to balance the interests of the three parties.Thirdly,the requirement that the buyer act in good faith conflicts with and should be excluded from any waiver of the buyer’s obligation to search for registration.Finally,in order to maintain the uniformity of formal logic of Civil Code,the limitation on“personal property”in Article 404 of Civil Code shall be narrowed to and interpreted as“inventories”.