新中国构建农村社会保障体系的初步探索(1949—1957)

New China’s Initial Exploration of Building a Rural Social Security System(1949-1957)

农村社会保障制度是我国社会保障制度的重要组成部分。新中国成立伊始,国家层面的社会救济措施最初往往配合灾害救济。1953年以后,农村的社会救济转为中央与地方政府经常性工作,救济对象主要是无依无靠的老弱残孤幼及贫困户。随着农业合作化加速,公积金与公益金、合作医疗、五保户供养制度等具有集体经济特色的农村社会保障制度相继推行,壮大了农村社会救济与保障的力量。同时,以“爱国卫生运动”为标志,农村卫生、防疫、地方病防治等工作稳步推行,广大农村缺医少药的状况得到迅速改变。在国家救济、集体经济与医疗卫生三个层面的政策配合下,农村地区的社会保障体系初步建立起来。

The rural social security system is an important part of China’s social security system.Since the founding of New China,social relief measures at the national level were initially often in line with disaster relief.After 1953,social relief in rural areas became a regular task of the central and local governments,mainly targeting the elderly,the weak,the disabled,orphans and the poor households.With the acceleration of agricultural co-operatives,rural social security systems with the characteristics of a collective economy,such as provident funds,public welfare funds,co-operative medical care,and the supportive system for five-guarantee household,were introduced one after another,strengthening the power of rural social relief and security.At the same time,the“Patriotic Health Campaign”marked the steady implementation of rural sanitation,epidemic prevention and endemic disease control,and the situation of insufficient doctors and medicines in the vast rural areas has been rapidly changed.The coordination of policies at the three levels of state relief,collective economy and medical care has enabled the initial establishment of a social security system in rural areas.