冷战黑哨:美国与自由欧洲电台的早期宣传战

Black Whistle of the Cold Warar:Early Propaganda War of the United States and Radio Free Europe

无线电广播战是冷战期间美国展开宣传战和意识形态对抗的重要方式,中情局幕后筹划和秘密资助的无线电广播宣传则是美国隐蔽宣传行动的组成部分。自由欧洲电台是中情局秘密组建和资助的掩护性组织,是中情局对东欧国家定向实施广播战和隐蔽宣传行动的重要工具。除针对东欧国家展开持续不断的广播宣传战之外,自由欧洲电台及其出版机构自由欧洲出版社还秉承中情局的旨意,同时根据东欧国家局势的发展变化,在20世纪50年代运用气球撒播传单等宣传资料和无线电广播相结合的方式,接连实施了一系列具有指向性和特定目的的宣传行动,包括气球宣传行动、“否决行动”“焦点行动”和“聚光灯行动”等,以期影响东欧国家的舆论环境,挑动东欧国家的社会矛盾,引发政治和社会混乱,进而削弱东欧社会主义国家的政治基础,服务于美国的冷战战略。基于中情局的秘密资金支持和政策指导,自由欧洲电台的宣传战成为美国最著名的隐蔽行动之一。

Radio war was a key means of America’s cold war propaganda,and secret radio war was an important component of U.S.covert propaganda action.Radio Free Europe(RFE)secretly funded by CIA was an effective tool of U.S.cold war broadcasting against Eastern European countries.In addition to constant radio propaganda activities,RFE and its press institution Free Europe Press also adhered to CIA’s intentions,used integrated ways of radio and balloon operations,successively launched a series of propaganda operations with specific purpose against Eastern European countries during 1950s,including Balloon Operation,Operation Veto,Operation Focus and Operation Spotlight.The goal of all these operations was to influence the environment of public opinion,stimulate social contradictions and political chaos,weaken the political basis of Eastern European socialist countries,and ultimately served U.S.cold war strategy.Thereby,based on covert funding and policy guidance from the CIA,RFE’s propaganda campaign became one of America’s most famous covert operations.