中国兵役制度省思与前瞻

Reflections and Prospects of China’s Military Service System

兵役制度是国家军事制度的重要组成部分,攸关国土安全与国民福祉。尽管依法服兵役是中国公民的宪法义务及履行国防职责的基本形式,但由于承平日久,加之常备军员额特别是义务兵数量不断下降,在中国人口众多、兵源雄厚的情况下,客观上由现役人员承担了本应属于社会上绝大多数人的国防义务,导致了兵役负担的失衡。这种从战争与计划时代延续下来的兵员征募模式,具有浓厚的政治动员色彩,不但强调适龄青年的自觉自愿,也给予服役者相应的待遇与安置,却没有建立起科学完善的选兵机制。建立以志愿兵役为主、义务兵役为辅的选兵制,同时向未服兵役的适龄、适役公民开征兵役税,可在保障兵员质量的同时均衡兵役负担更为退役军人保障提供财力支持。

The military service system is an important part of the national military system,which is related to national security and national well-being.Although military service in accordance with the law is the constitutional obligation of Chinese citizens and the basic form of performing national defense duties,due to the long-term commitment and the continuous decline in the number of standing military personnel,especially the number of conscripts,in the case of China with a large population and strong military resources,active service personnel have objectively performed the national defense obligation that should belong to the vast majority of people in society,which leads to the imbalance of military service burden.This recruitment model of soldiers from the era of war and planning has strong political mobilization nature.It emphasizes the voluntary volition of the young people of the age,and also gives the servicemen the corresponding treatment and resettlement,but does not establish a scientific and perfect selection mechanism.The establishment of a military system with voluntary military service and compulsory military service as a supplement,and the levy of military service tax on the age-appropriate and eligible citizens who have not served in the military,can provide financial support for the balance of military service and the protection of retired military personnel while safeguarding the quality of the soldiers.