我国古文献所见“鲛鱼”考略

A Brief Study of "Jiao yu" from Ancient Chinese literature

文章主要通过考察先秦至两宋时期文献有关"鲛鱼"的记载,对古代文献中"鲛"及"鲛鱼"的相关义项加以辨析,并结合现代动物学观察记录,重新考证分析了古人笔下有关"鲛鱼"外形、皮张、产地、习性等方面的内容。"鲛鱼"在古代可统称"大鱼"并做具体鱼名,而"鲛"又常与"蛟龙"之"蛟"相通假。做具体鱼名的"鲛鱼"则非鲨鱼,而应主要指体型扁平、尾细长且多有毒刺的魟鱼,所谓鲛鱼"皮有珠"实指魟鱼皮肤上特化的盾鳞。另外,文章还通过对魏晋至明清相关文献的梳理,探讨了今人多将"鲛鱼"当作鲨鱼古称这一观念的由来。

By researching the records of "Jiao yu(鲛鱼)" in the documents from the preQin to the Song Dynasty,this paper discriminates the relevant meanings of "Jiao(鲛)" and"Jiao yu" in ancient literature,and re-study and analyses shape,skin,habitat and habits of "Jiao yu" from description of the ancients combined with the observation records of modern zoology.In ancient times," Jiao yu" can be collectively called "huge fish" and named as a specific fish,"Jiao(鲛)" and "Jiao(蛟)" of "Jiao long(蛟龙) " are interchangeability of words.The "Jiao yu",as a name of a specie of fish,is not shark,and it should mainly refer to ray with flat-bodied,slender tail and poisonous spines.The so-called "skin with beads" of Jiao yu is actually special placoid scale in the skin of stingray.In addition,the article also explores the origin of the concept--seeing "Jiao yu" as the ancient name of shark by combing relevant literature from Wei,Jin to Ming and Qing Dynasties.