物之序:从“旅游资源”到“旅游吸引物”

From “Tourism Resource” to “Tourist Attraction”

旅游学核心概念"旅游资源"存在福柯所言之不连续性与断裂,面临来自理论与实践的双重挑战,并且出现向"旅游吸引物"转向的趋势。文章借助福柯话语分析视角,以国内旅游资源研究和相关旅游政策文件及其反映的旅游实践为话语分析对象,重新"发现"旅游资源,探讨其不连续性与断裂的话语背景与成因、所体现的旅游知识生产、所反映的社会关系与意义建构。文章一方面建议在旅游对象物层面上使用"旅游吸引物",以突出其吸引力本质属性与"共享价值",回归"物的秩序",从而促进旅游基础理论研究与学科建设,并拓展实践中旅游对象物的边界与创新空间;另一方面认为旅游资源之不连续性与断裂以及向"旅游吸引物"之转向蕴含着旅游(对象物)研究的思考空间和新的可能性,提供了对传统研究秩序的反思。故应正视并尊重旅游资源之不连续与断裂及其反思与挑战所体现的多元价值与丰富性。文章亦提醒避免淹没于西方知识体系之中、避免陷入福柯所批判之"秩序"的窠臼,而应保有对"秩序"的警惕。

With a rupture between the name and the definition,the signifier and the signified,the theory and the reality,and an ambiguity and discontinuity of semantics,"tourism resource",the key concept of tourism studies,is confronting with theoretical and practical challenges and gradually shifting to"tourist attraction",which not only brings inconvenience for theoretical studies of tourism and its disciplinary construction,but also provides reflective space and new possibilities of tourism studies.Based on Foucault’s discourse analysis,this article,taking domestic studies on and related policy documents of tourism resources and tourism practice they reflect as objects of discourse analysis,tries to re-discover the neglected"tourism resource",to deconstruct tourism resource studies from the perspective of words and things,to explore the discourse context and causes of such rupture and discontinuity,and the production of tourism knowledge,the social relationship and meaning construction they reflect.Considering the commonness of tourism resources and tourist attractions in tourist objects and their essential attributes of attracting tourists,this article suggests treating"tourism resource"and"tourist attraction"as separate concepts for academic purposes,while replacing"tourism resource"with"tourist attraction"in terms of tourist objects.Such separation and substitution will have theoretical significance in unifying academic name and in returning of words to their"shared meaning"and"the order of things".It will also expand the boundary and innovative space of tourism objects in practice,and contribute to the fundamental studies and disciplinary construction of tourism science.On the other hand,the rupture and discontinuity in"tourism resource"and its shift to"tourist attraction"indicate a reflection on"order",a challenge to traditional discourse,and the diversity of social values as well.They thus contain the re-thinking space and new possibilities of tourism and tourist objects studies.Therefore,the discontinuity and rupture in tourism resource,and the multiple and diversified values they imply as well,should be confronted and respected.Meanwhile,this article points out the necessity of vigilance against"order"whose trap Foucault critisized and warned against.The reasons are as follows.Firstly,as western tourist attractions and their attractiveness,while having theoretical richness,are subjective and parts of social construction,full adoption of the western knowledge system should be prevented.Secondly,the subjective initiation of knowledge subjects in the production of"tourism resource"and the diversified values they indicate should be respected,while the obliteration of their knowledge contributions should be avoided.Thirdly,the disappearance of"human"and their multiple values in the new order and discourse constructed by"tourist attraction"should be prevented.Foucault’s discourse analysis provides a powerful theoretical tool to deconstruct tourism studies,while"tourism resource"and related studies open up a new field for humanities and social sciences.This study is thus not only an innovative attempt of applying Foucault’s discourse theory in tourism studies,but also a new epistemological and methodological reflection on the fundamental studies of tourism science,especially its essential area of tourism resource studies.Such new approach of discourse analysis,with the existing researches and historical documents,can"reconstitute what men have done or said,the events of which only the trace remains",making the knowledge and study itself study objects,so as to broaden traditional tourism(resource)study.