作为表演者的旅游者:旅游者表演研究的回顾与展望

Tourists as Performers: A Review and Prospect of Studies on Tourist Performance

20世纪70年代以来,学者将拟剧理论借鉴应用于旅游研究,并在针对相关主题的讨论中构建旅游表演理论,最终引发整个西方旅游研究范式的转变。文章特别关注旅游者表演研究分支,阐释了旅游者作为表演者的隐喻逻辑,回顾了旅游者的表演类型与风格,并对旅游者表演空间所牵涉的游客共创、真实性认证以及新部落等主题进行了归纳和分析,最后以戏剧核心构成要素作为分析框架,对旅游者表演效果的主要影响因素进行了回顾和论述。在文献研究的基础上,文章从跨学科理论融合、研究方法补充、研究主题进一步拓展与研究范围扩大等4个角度提出了未来研究值得努力的方向。文章研究旨趣不仅是为了梳理和介绍国外研究关于旅游表演理论在旅游研究中的应用,更是为了唤起国内知识共同体对旅游表演理论的重视,以期推动旅游学科研究的进一步发展。

Since the 1970 s,foreign scholars have used a dramaturgical approach to explore relevant topics in the tourism research field and thus formed the tourism performance theory,transforming the entire western paradigm of tourism research.While providing a theoretical basis for the discussion of many topics,the paradigm of tourism performance theory has also provided a brand new perspective for the research of tourism experience.This paper pays special attention to the branch of research on tourist performance.Based on analysis of the sample literatures,the paper explains the metaphorical logic of tourists as performers and why tourists can be considered as performers by analyzing the performance connotation.It then reviews the performance patterns and styles of tourists,and gives its interpretation and analysis of tourist value co-creation,authenticity certification,new tribe and other subjects related to tourists performance space.Finally,it uses the major elements of drama(stage setting and property,other performers and plot)as the analysis framework to systematically review and discuss the factors that influence the performing effect of tourists.Based on literature research,the paper proposes the following suggestions:first,follow-up studies should pay more attention to and learn from new dramaturgical theories while absorbing more interdisciplinary theories.From the perspective of the various new theories and by integrating theories,they can develop new propositions and theories in tourist performance.Second,according to the orientations of research methods,current studies are mainly conducted on a qualitative basis,which helps to gain new knowledge.Follow-up studies,while continue qualitative studies of new theories,should also conduct appropriate quantitative studies to examine existing theoretical propositions,and thus test their authenticity.Third,follow-up studies can focus on the following subjects:(1)tourist performance styles and characteristics in special tourism scenarios,in particular,ecotourism,nostalgic tourism,dark tourism and red tourism;(2)with the coming of the FIT(free independent tourists)era,the influence of guides as performers on tourist experience will gradually weaken.Therefore,future studies may shift to the research and discussion of other performers(such as local residents at tourist destinations and tourism labors);(3)studies can also lay emphasis on the topics derived from screenplays,such as the creation of plots using drama elements such as drama structure,dramatic conflict and audience involvement.At last,future researchers should note that relevant studies at present mostly focus on the on-spot performance at tourist destinations.Future studies can regard online tourism platforms as a new performance space and try to explore the structure and functions of such space and analyze subjects such as performance within such space.