唐代墓志所见“药”“气”“符”道教炼养术的嬗变轨迹

唐代道教信徒墓主保持饵药、服气、符箓的养生传统,通过对墓志文献的梳理,初、盛唐道教信徒墓主多以灵芝菌类、花草类中草药作为药饵原料,中、晚唐墓主服食的草木药比初、盛唐墓志所记品种更为丰富,而松柏、茯苓的服食风尚仍在中、晚唐道教信徒墓主群体中广泛盛行。盛唐炼丹原料品种大为增加,外丹金石矿物药料不断增多,初、盛唐道教信徒墓志中遗存了水法和火法丹药炼制方法的文献记载,通过考证发现中、晚唐墓主已掌握金砂、铅汞、硫汞三支丹道流派的炼丹技法。初、盛唐道士墓主群体参与服气功法修炼甚为普遍,中、晚唐是内丹修炼的高潮时期,内丹服气功法受到了士人阶层墓主的推崇。在唐代墓志中亦保留了唐人利用道教符箓治疗疾病的原始风俗,在民间世俗化发展中符箓养生实现了由巫符向道教医符的转型。

The Taoist tomb owners of the Tang dynasty continued the traditional methods of taking herbal medicine,absorbing qi,and wearing talisman to maintain their health.Analysis of the related records in Tang epitaphs suggests that Taoist tomb owners usually took edible fungi such as glossy ganoderma and various flowers as medicine in the early and high Tang,while in the middle and late Tang more herbs were took,and taning pine,cypress and poria cocos was still prevalent.By the high Tang,much more materials were used for immortality-pill-making.Water methods and fire method are found in unearthed epitaphs of Taoist believers of the early and high Tang,while in the middle and late Tang,Taoists had grasped the methods of the three schools of gold sands,lead and mercury,as well as sulfur and mercury.In the early and high Tang,absorbing qi was prevalent among the Taoist tomb owners,while the cultivation of inner pill reached its height in the middle and late Tang.Tang epitaphs also record that people use Taoist runes to cure diseases,which suggests that Taoist runes were not used only as witchcraft.