清流、洋务“各有门面”?——以李鸿章与张之洞早期交往为线索

Facades of Yangwu and Qingliu Factions: The Cases of Li Hongzhang and Zhang Zhidong in Their Early Contacts

光绪初年以张之洞、张佩纶为代表的"清流"人物,皆以"知洋务"自许,较诸实际从事洋务事业的李鸿章,其视野非局限于因应现实需要的一舰一炮,主张"用人""经武"并重,规划更加宏阔。究其知识来源,则又不出书生闻见。他们对待被外界奉为"清流领袖"的李鸿藻,多有"假借"和"挟持"之意,两者关系近于"交而非党";与李鸿章反而多有互动,并非如晚清世论"以骂洋务为清流,以办洋务为浊流"那般疆界分明。李鸿章笼络"清流"的用心,张佩纶而外,在张之洞身上体现得最为深刻。不过,"清流"与"洋务"固有观念交集,然终究"各有门面",尤其对和战问题存在根本分歧,最终清流亦以战而败亡。李鸿章与张之洞的这一段早期交往,也是二人在庚子年(1900)以"书生习气"与"中堂习气"互驳公案的前史,本文的回溯工作旨在反思有关"洋务""清流"的既有认知,为理解这一公案厘清脉络。

The present author contends that,in comparison with Li Hongzhang,the towering figure of Yangwu(Westernization)Faction,people such as Zhang Zhidong,the representative of Qingliu(IndigenizedWesternization)Faction,were more intellectually broad and advocated a more comprehensive modernization.It thoroughly examines the interaction between the two factions,as well as analyzing the fundamental difference existing between them.