大户与宗族:明清山东“门”型系谱流变与实践

Prominent Families and Clan: The Evolution of Family-Based Shandong Genealogies in Ming and Qing

作为宗族分支的"门"型系谱,并非自然分化的结果,而是人群在不同历史阶段有目的地选择联合的结果。通过解读明清时期山东中部"门"型族谱文本和地方志,说明明代中期赋役大户通过分"门"的方式应对差役,并且根据"门"建立宗族。随着清代前期税收单位从"里甲"到"村庄"的改变,村庄成为税收主体,"门"的等级高低不再是编审户口的依据,但却作为宗族的内部结构保存至今。明清时期"门"型系谱的形成,说明大户分"门"是山东乃至华北宗族的特征之一。

The family-based genealogy was not a natural branch but a purposive reconstruction of the clan lineage.The present paper examines such practice in Ming-Qing’s Shandong,illuminating the fact that in the midMing local prominent clans responded to taxation and corvee by dividing the clan into smaller families.This reconstruction did not change regardless of the changes in taxation in Qing.