从“以官存司”到“以司存官”——《百官志》体例与汉唐行政体制变迁研究

From “Recording Officer Instead of Office” to “Recording Office Instead of Officer”: Study on Recording Styles of Records of the Official Ranks and Changes of Administrative System during the Han and Tang Dynasties

汉、唐正史《百官志》官制记载体例有显著不同,《汉书·百官公卿表》《续汉书·百官志》记官而不及机构,以长官、佐贰、属官代表各自府署,可称作"以官存司";两唐书《百官志》则皆"以司存官",即在各机构名下记其长官、佐贰及所属官吏,将之一概视为机构成员。记载体例变迁的根本原因在于规范官制的法令及行政体制的演化,汉代官制记载依据以官员管理为中心而不及机构状态的官簿、秩律等文档、法令,唐代官制记载主要取本规范各机构官吏设置的职员令。汉唐官制记载体例及其来源的不同,体现了魏晋以来官制和对应法令形态的变迁,这一变化的转折点约在南北朝后期。由此达成的机构行政一体化,是汉唐间强化集权秩序和防止长官大权独揽的结果。

The discourse of Official Ranks shifted substantially from Han to Tang Dynasty.The List of the Official Ranks in Book of Han and the Records of the Official Ranks in Continuation of the Book of Han only recorded official posts without mentioning organizations.Government departments were represented by chiefs,deputies and subordinates,which could be described as"recording officer instead of office";while the Records of the Official Ranks in two Tang Official Histories"recorded office instead of officer",that is to say,chiefs,deputies and subordinates were recorded under a certain department and collectively regarded as members of this department.The underlying cause of this change is the evolution of laws and decrees regulating the bureaucratic establishment as well as the administrative system.In the Han dynasty,records of the official ranks were mostly based on the management of officials,instead of official records,laws and other documents and decrees of a certain department.In the Tang dynasty,such records were based on regulations on bureaucratic establishment in each department.The different structure and source of records on official ranks showed the changes of bureaucratic establishment and corresponding laws and decrees since the Wei-Jin period,the turning point of which lay in the late period of the Southern and Northern dynasties.The integration of department and administration was the result of centralization of power and prevention against arbitrary power of chiefs.