唐后期团练、防御州考述:以唐会昌五年为时间截面

Tuanlianshi-governed and Fangyushi-governed Prefectures in Late Tang Dynasty Based on the List of Dao in the Fifth Year of Huichang

唐后期的团练、防御州,即本州刺史兼任团练、防御使的州。在行政层级上,团练、防御州可分为高层政区和支郡两类。从军事属性上而言,州军敕额数一般数千,甚至可达万人,远超一般刺史州,防御州军队的主体为官健,团练州军队则由团结兵和官健组成。会昌五年,团练、防御州主要集中于上、东二都周边诸州,以及沿淮诸州。结合团练、防御州的属性和分布,可知中央设置团练、防御州主要有三个政治意图:军事上拱卫京师;维护漕运安全;归还州刺史军权,限制方镇军权。

In Late Tang,Tuanlianshi-governed and Fangyushi-governed prefectures were prefectures where the civil governor of the prefecture was also the military governor,such as Fangyushi and Tuanlianshi.The administrative levels of Tuanlianshi-governed and Fangyushi-governed prefectures could be divided into two categories:High-level administrative division and ordinary prefecture.The size of troops in Tuanlianshi-governed and Fangyushi-governed prefectures was generally in thousands,and a few could reach tens of thousands,which was much more than that of ordinary prefectures.The army in Fangyushi-governed prefectures was mainly composed of regular troops,while the army in Tuanlianshi-governed prefectures was composed of tuanlian(militia)and a smaller number of regular troops.In the fifth year of HuiChang,Tuanlianshi-governed and Fangyushi-governed prefectures were concentrated in the area around capitals and along the Huai River.There were three main political motives for the central government to set up Tuanlianshi-governed and Fangyushigoverned prefectures:providing military defense for the capitals,maintaining the safety of logistics routes,returning military power to governors of prefectures,and restricting the military power of Fangzhen.