明代安庆、徽州地区兵备道分合演变考论

The Separation and Merging of Military Defence Circuit in Anqing and Huizhou Areas in Ming Dynasty

兵备道是明代重要的地方管理制度。为了对付"江贼""矿贼"和倭寇的侵扰,加强地方屯田、水利等事务的管理,明廷在弘治至嘉靖年间相继设立凤阳、九江、太仓、应天和徽饶五个兵备道,其辖区范围均兼及安庆、徽州地区。兵备道对该地区的管辖单元,也有一个从卫逐渐转变为府的过程。隆庆六年,出于统一事权的考虑,明廷设立徽宁兵备道,将安庆、徽州地区的府卫纳入同一兵备道管理之下,并维持在南直隶的辖区范围内,不再跨省。后因地方形势的变化,为使兵备道在军事上占据有利位置,明廷又对徽宁兵备道进行了几次分化和调整。兵备道的分合演变,显示出其在安庆、徽州地区地方治理的重要性,并为清代安徽省的形成奠定基础。

The Military Defence Circuit was an important local management institution in the Ming Dynasty.In order to contain the intrusion of"River thieves","Wokou"(Japanese pirates)and"Mining thief",as well as to consolidate the local farming system,water conservancy,and other affairs,the Ming court successively established five Military Defence Circuits in Fengyang,Jiujiang,Taicang,Yingtian and Huirao from Hongzhi to Jiajing Reigns.Their scope of the jurisdiction cover both Anqing and Huizhou.During this period,the Military Defence Circuit’s jurisdiction unit gradually changed from Wei to Fu(prefecture).In the sixth year of the Longqing Reign,out of the consideration of unifying administrative divisions,the Ming court set up the Huining Military Defence Circuit,which put Fu and Wei in Anqing and Huizhou under the same Military Defence Circuit’s management,while remained under the jurisdiction of South Zhili.Later,due to changes in local situations,the Ming court made a series of differentiations and adjustments to the Huining Military Defence Circuit in order to keep it militarily advantageous.The evolution of the division and integration of the Military Defence Circuit shows the importance of local governance in Anqing,Huizhou areas.It would become one of the precursors to the formation of Anhui Province in the Qing Dynasty.