20世纪初期芬兰人马达汉入疆考察细节及其分析

Details of Finnish M annerheim ’s Reconnaissance in Xinjiang in Early 20th Century and Its Analysis

1906年8月,芬兰籍职业军人马达汉接受俄军总参谋部的军事任务,组成一个以自己为主的小型考察队,从中亚进入中国新疆境内进行军事情况收集活动,历时一年两个月。到达北京后,他进入俄国驻北京公使馆,整理完成了呈送上级的军事考察报告(含附图)。本文注重研究考察队在新疆境内的许多细节:如何从军事地形着眼,如何使用仪器,如何广泛取材形成一部具有军事情报价值的日记体著作。百年后这部著作的军事情报时效性已大为降低,但仍可作为颇具参考价值的历史地理资料加以使用。

In August 1906,after accepting the military mission from the General Staff Headquarter of Russian Armies,M annerheim,a Finnish professional soldier,formed a small expedition team to conduct a military reconnaissance from Central Asia to Xinjiang,China.This expedition lasted for one year and tw o months.M annerheim later arrived in Beijing and completed the military investigation report(including attached pictures)at the Russian Embassy,and submitted the report to higher authorities.In this paper,w e focus on many historical details of this expedition team w hen they w ere in Xinjiang.These details include how they focused on the military topography,how they made use of equipment,and how they eventually completed a diary-style book w ith military intelligence values.After a hundred years,the timeliness of the military intelligence has been greatly reduced,but the report and diary can still be used as valuable historical and geographical accounts for reference.