近代早期俄国的犯罪及其治理

The Control of Crime in Early Modern Russia

16—18世纪初,随着俄国统一国家的形成和沙皇专制制度的建立,统治者为打击各类破坏社会秩序的犯罪行为,建立起了以死刑、体罚、流放和监禁为主,以辱刑等为辅的刑罚体系,以加强中央集权,巩固沙皇专制权力。俄国的犯罪治理由此体现出为维护君主权威和树立“好沙皇”形象而将严刑峻法与君主“仁慈”相结合、强调刑罚仪式化及充分利用村社司法警察职能等特征。不过,法律不统一,管理人员不足及基层管理混乱仍凸显出犯罪治理中制度建设不力、中央和地方之间缺乏良性互动等问题,这些问题成了制约近代早期俄国国家治理的重要因素,也是后来俄国司法改革的重要方向。

From the 16 th century to the beginning of the 18 th century,with the formation of a unified Russian state and the establishment of Tsar autocracy,the rulers established a penal system which revolved around death penalty,corporal punishment,exile and imprisonment,and supplemented it with humiliating punishment,for order control.?In order to consolidate the image of a"good Tsar",the Russian state implemented severe punishments while portrayed the monarch to be"merciful".It emphasized the rituals in punishments and made full use of the policing functions of the village community.?However,the confusion of laws,the shortage of officials and the chaos of the local management led to the weak crime control and the malfunction between the central and local governments.Such problems impeded the state-building and legal reform in early modern Russia.