論從上古到中古的字調流變現象

A Research on the Sporadic Tonal Conversion from Old Chinese to Middle Chinese

字調流變是指從上古到中古的語音演變過程中個别字的調類轉移。要確定某字的上古調類,可資利用的材料有上古韻文及通假字。周祖謨先生據上古韻文考證出了若干中古爲上、去聲,上古惟讀平聲的古今異調字。本文據簡帛通假補苴周説,同時結合經籍舊注、漢魏六朝韻文嘗試勾勒這些字聲調流變的過程。關於字調流變的原因,有些可能與變調構詞有關,有些尚需深入研究。聲調源於韻尾假説,其後置韻尾的構擬與中古調類一一對應,難以解釋字調流變現象。

Sporadic tonal conversion refers to the phenomenon that a small amount of characters belonging to one tone in Old Chinese evolved into another tone in Middle Chinese.There are two kinds of documents which can be used for the identification of the tone of a character in Old Chinese,i.e.,verse and phonetic loan characters.In this paper,we made in-depth exploration of the phonetic loan characters from the inscriptions on bamboo slips,old annotations of classics and verse to outline the process of sporadic tonal conversion.And the reasons why this conversion happened were also discussed.