流放、邊界、他者——方孝標《東征雜詠》探析

Exile,Borders,and the Other:A Study of Fang Xiaobiao’s “Miscellaneous Poems on the Eastern Journey”

清初流放東北的事件,規模之大、牽涉之廣史無前例,涉及歷史、政治、文化、文學種種方面。不少流人在戍所仍寫作不輟,他們的詩文作品大有研究的價值。本文探論方孝標(1618—1696)在赴寧古塔途中所作之組詩《東征雜詠》,其内容、情感、語言異常引人入勝。本文著眼於下列問題:流人難以言喻的精神、心理狀況是如何經由文本的文學、美學機制而得以反映、再現的?流放世界的間隙性"閾限"(liminality)與流放文字本身的"閾限"是怎樣的一種依存關係?我們又可以怎樣從歷史、哲學、文學的角度去理解、描述這種"居間性"(inbetweenness)?這些提問有助我們理解"流人作爲詩人"或"詩人變作流人"的方孝標的形象與聲音。我們也將看到,流人在異域的山川風物中,在文化與語言的差異中,在精神與肉體的卑辱經驗中,以及在迷惘困惑的自我主體性中,必然會遇上一個"他者"(other)。

Exile to Manchuria in the early Qing(1644-1912)is a peculiar historical,political,and cultural phenomenon whose scale and scope is unprecedented in pre-modern Chinese history.Among the exiles were some very accomplished writers who continued to write in the places of banishment,and their treatment of the trope of exile and exilic experiences in poems and prose writings is worthy of serious study.This paper is a study of the exilic writings of the especially important yet understudied poet Fang Xiaobiao(1618-1696),who in the wake of the Examination Scandal of 1657,was exiled to Ningguta,a remote town close to the borders of then Choson Korea.The author conducts close readings of a series of poems titled"Miscellaneous Poems on the Eastern Journey"(Dongzheng zayong),written by Fang on his journey to Ningguta.The author explores the following questions:How is the uncanny psychic condition of the exile embedded in,and therefore reflected by,the literary and aesthetic configurations of the texts?How does the liminality of the exilic world interact with the liminality of exilic language?How do we understand and describe this"inbetweenness"historically,philosophically and literarily?From these perspectives the author situates and fathoms the figure and voice of the exile turned poet,or the poet turned exile.We can also see from these perspectives that the exiles are bound to encounter the"other"in the foreign landscapes,in the cultural and linguistic differences,and no less in the humbling experiences of themselves and their body and in the troubled subjectivity of the self.