康德意念思想发微

On Kant’s Gesinnung

“意念”(Gesinnung)是康德后期哲学中的一个重要概念,对它的分梳,不仅有助于探讨Wille和Willkür之间的复杂关系,在一定程度上,还为后世学者评估康德道德宗教之品格问题提供了一个难得的契机。就意念之作为采纳准则的原初根据和主观特征而言,它是理智性的品质和道德化的确信,而不是经验性的品质与道德心理学意义上的态度。而由意念的起源来看,它与思辨理性中知性范畴一样都是先天的,所不同的是,它不是认知上的先天结构,而是道德行为者的内在形式,它是人在道德实践与自由运用中生发出来的。平正而论,康德意念学说中蕴含的这些特征把康德哲学的独特个性表达得极为显豁,它不仅有别于亚里士多德的道德理论,亦有别于已有的神义论和相对主义,为人们的道德反思与责任归因提供了一个反身内求的经典范例。

It is well-know that the notion of the Gesinnung is an important concept in Kant’s late philosophy.To analyze it has to involve a complex relationship between Wille and Willkür,to some extent,it affords an opportunity for scholars of later generation to estimate Kant’s character of philosophy in moral thought and rational theology too.As far as the denotation of Gesinnung is concerned,for one thing,it is an intellectual character and a moralized faith,has nothing to do with an empirical character and an attitude of psychology.For another,it is,differencing from a prior form in knowledge,a moral model in rational agent and an attribution in human being’s action,as to the connotation of Gesinnung.It is not hard to see that the Gesinnung has plenty of implication that sharply embody Kant’s unique feature differencing from theodicy,determinism,and relativism in traditional moral theory.It is no wonder that Kant yet,in fact,found a new way to reflect moral guilt,so Kant’s Gesinnung will be worth reviewing and interpreting in this.