人的政治本性及其坚守——《孟子·许行陈相章》疏解

Political Nature of Human Being and Its Perseverance:Commentary of Mencius·Xu Xing Chen Xiangzhang

《孟子》中"君子野人之辨"表明了孟子对于政治本性的根本理解,但是它常常被简单地理解为社会分工理论的一部分。那个关键的章节包含了三个区分:儒家和农家的区分,君子和野人的区分,夷夏的区分。第一个区分已经显示出两个学术派别的宗旨的区分,农家认为,解决温饱问题就是生命的完成,而儒家却认为真正的人性必须到政治中寻找。第二个区分的关键在两点:一是不能用社会分工理论来解释君子与野人之别,二是不能因为孟子主张"民贵君轻",就断定孟子和现代民主理论有异曲同工之妙,而是要重新审视孟子的君子学说与其教化的政治理想。最后,夷夏之别不是人种学意义上的,也不是历史进步论,而是强调通过政治来体现人之仁心。

The“Discrimination between Gentlemen and Savage”in Mencius shows Mencius'fundamental understanding of the nature of politics,but it is often simply understood as part of the theory of social division of labor.That key chapter contains three distinctions:the distinction between Confucianism and school of farmers,the distinction between gentlemen and savages,and the distinction between Yi and Xia.The first distinction has shown the distinction between the aims of the two academic schools.The peasant family believes that solving the problem of food and clothing is the completion of life,while the Confucian believes that the true human nature must be found in politics.The second key to the distinction lies in two points.One is that the theory of social division of labor cannot be used to explain the difference between a gentleman and a savage;the other is that Mencius cannot conclude that Mencius and modern democratic theories have the same merits as those of modern democratic theory.It is to re-examine Mencius's doctrine of gentleman and its political ideals of enlightenment.Finally,the difference between Yi and Xia is not in the ethnographic sense,nor is it historical progress theory,but emphasizes the embodying of human benevolence through politics.