试论黑格尔伦理学说的特质与限度——从伦理与道德关系的角度看

A Tentative Discussion about the Characteristic and Limitations of Hegel’s Doctrine of Ethical Life

黑格尔伦理学说始终以康德道德哲学为参照系,他不仅将后者当作一种哲学理论,还当作现代的普遍世界观。黑格尔主要批评这种世界观的主体主义倾向,认为那会使它与事情本身相隔绝,终究无法成全道德与伦常。他并不拒绝道德,而是主张使道德扎根于事情本身之中,而后者在他笔下便表现为伦理。到了体系时期,黑格尔更发展出由诸多伦理形态构成的一套层级分明的伦理学说,使世人看到它们之间逐层奠基的深刻关联。在澄清这种伦理学说对于现代生活世界结构的深刻洞见的同时,我们也不应忽视它的局限:正如谢林批判的那样,它过度强调事物观念性的一面,而忽视了事物原初发生的一面;另外,它还与其他许多现代思想一道预设了内在性世界观,遗忘了伦理形态先于理性的崇高秩序。

Hegel’s doctrine of ethical life takes all the time Kant’s philosophy of morality as frame of reference.He treats the latter not only as a philosophical theory,but also as the universal worldview of modern times.Hegel criticizes this worldview mainly because of its inclination towards subjectivity.In his view this will make it isolated from the things themselves,and finally incompetent at accomplishing of morality and ethical life.He doesn’t refuse morality.He would rather make it implanted in the things themselves,which incarnate as ethical life.In his systematic period Hegel develop a doctrine of ethical life layer by layer,which comprises of various ethical forms.Therefore he makes clear the deep relationship between those forms.While clarifying the deep insights of this doctrine into the structure of modern life-world,we should not ignore its limitations.As Schelling criticized,it overemphasizes the ideality of things and neglects the other side,namely their original genesis.Moreover,it presupposes with many other modern thoughts the immanent worldview,and forgets the sublime order of ethical forms preceding the Reason.