沙夫茨伯里的美德观念:以伦理学演化史为视角

Shaftesbury’s Notion of Virtue: from the Perspective of the History of Ethical Evolution

在西方伦理学演化史上,存在一个重视理性,否定情感,到认真区分情感并肯定其地位的过程。沙夫茨伯里就是肯定自然情感而怀疑理性建构的一位关键人物。毫无疑问,沙氏的写作风格是文雅的,讲究文辞的,非常有别于学院式的理论建构,其道德感概念为哈奇森所继承;其对共通感学说的挖掘也受到后世的哲学家重视。当代学者里佛斯曾把沙氏概括为18世纪道德思想史上一位独特而又令人困惑的思想家。首先,在沙氏看来,自然情感就是道德的源泉。其次,在道德唯名论与实在论之争中,他坚定地捍卫后者。最后,在道德工夫论上,独白对话兼具,都旨在人的哲学教化(养生术)。

In the history of the evolution of western ethics,there is a process of attaching importance to reason,negating pathos,and seriously distinguishing pathos and confirming its status.Shaftesbury is one of the key figures who doubt the rational construction,but confirming natural affections.There is no doubt that Shaftesbury’s style is graceful,full of rhetorical devices,very different from the academic rational construction,and his concept of moral sense is inherited by Hutcheson,and his emphasis on sensus communis also highlighted by later philosophers.He is characterized by contemporary thinker,Rivers,a unique and perplexing figure in the history of moral thought in the 18 th century.First of all,in Shaftesbury’s view,natural emotion is the source of morality.Secondly,in the dispute between moral nominalism and realism,he firmly defend the latter.In the end,in the exercise of moral efforts,both soliloquy and dialogue serve the philosophical Bildung,ie,regimen.