自发性 理性 偶然性:莱布尼茨自由思想的三大要素

“Spontaneity,rationality and contingency”——Three elements of Leibniz's free thought

莱布尼茨的自由思想是在调和笛卡尔和斯宾诺莎的自由观之上形成的,他认为自发性、理性和偶然性是自由的三个必备要素。自发性强调人的行为是出自自身而不是被外界推动。理性的目标朝向最高的善并且帮助人们形成清楚而明晰的认识。作为前提的偶然性或者说道德必然性既不同于绝对必然性又不是纯粹偶然性,因此为自由留下了余地。这三个要素共同构成了莱布尼茨的自由思想。同时,莱布尼茨的自由思想有其形而上学基础,其形而上学中的单子论、矛盾律、充足理由律等思想为其自由观提供了前提,使其自由思想更具合理性。

Leibniz's freedom thought was formed on the basis of reconciling Descartes'and Spinoza's freedom views.He believed that spontaneity,rationality and contingency were the three essential elements of freedom.Emphasize that spontaneous people's behavior comes from themselves rather than being driven by the outside world.The rational goal is towards the highest good and helps people form a clear and clear understanding.As a prerequisite,contingency or moral inevitability is different from absolute inevitability and not pure contingency,so it leaves room for freedom.These three elements together constitute Leibniz's freedom thought.At the same time,Leibniz's freedom thought has its metaphysical foundation,and his metaphysical thoughts such as monadic theory,law of contradiction and law of sufficient reason provide the premise for his freedom thought,which makes his freedom thought more reasonable.