从“均质”到“分化”——历史制度主义视域下二战后德国高等教育政策的变迁逻辑

From“Homogeneity”to“Differentiation”——The Logic of Change in Post-war German Higher Education Policy in the context of Historical Institutionalism

二战后德国高等教育体系实现了由“均质”到“分化”的转变,其高等教育政策嬗变经历了渐进式制度变革、激进式制度变革和断裂式制度变革三个阶段。在历史制度主义的观照下,德国高等教育政策变迁深受经济体制、高等教育管理体制和传统大学理念的深层结构影响;政府和高校的理性选择,导致德国高等教育政策变迁呈现明显的路径依赖特征;来自内部多方利益主体博弈的张力和外部示范效应,构成了德国高等教育政策变迁的动力。借鉴德国高等教育的发展经验,我国应突破传统的路径依赖,协调政府与大学的关系,推动高校分类与特色发展。

The German higher education system has transformed from“homogeneous”to“differentiated”in the post-war period,and its higher education policy has undergone three stages of gradual,radical and fractured institutional changes.Under the view of historical institutionalism,the change of German higher education policy is deeply influenced by the deep structure of economic system,higher education management system and traditional university philosophy;the rational choice of government and universities leads to the obvious path-dependent characteristics of the change of German higher education policy;the tension from the internal game of multiple interests and the external demonstration effect constitute the driving force of the change of German higher education policy.Drawing on the development experience of German higher education,China should break through the traditional path-dependence,coordinate the relationship between government and universities,and promote the development of classification and characteristics of universities.