“神之子”与和睦帝国理想:从亚历山大到奥古斯都

本文从亚历山大开始,追溯了“神子传说”的来源,以及与之紧密相关的“和睦”观念从希腊世界到罗马统治时期的演变。尽管亚历山大的传说提供了原型,但奥古斯都“神灵之子”(神圣的尤里乌斯之子与阿波罗之子身份的叠加)身份及其对“和睦”秩序的宣扬,更直接地关系着公元前1世纪罗马与希腊化世界的碰撞。奥古斯都依其与凯撒之间的亲缘关系、以及凯撒称神的事实,为自己“神之子”身份确立了基础。在与安东尼的对峙以及胜利结束内战的过程中,他作为太阳神阿波罗之子的身份也被统合进“神子”的身份之中。作为神圣的父和保护神,太阳神的形象被认为与黄金时代的“和睦”秩序关系密切,这得益于希腊化时代关于太阳的传说,以及毕达哥拉斯学派对于神灵与人世秩序的宇宙论思考。因此,正如神灵在宇宙中施行公义、调和纷争,奥古斯都作为神灵之子,引领人民建立和睦的公共秩序。

This article traces the origins of the legend of divi filius and the closely related evolution of the idea of homonoia from the Greek world to the period of Roman rule,starting with Alexander the Great.Although the legend of Alexander provides the prototype,Augustus’status as divi filius and his proclamation of a“harmonious”order are more directly related to the collision between Rome and the Hellenistic world.Augustus relied on his kinship with Caesar and the fact that Caesar was called a god as the basis for establishing his identity as divi filius.In the confrontation with Antony and the triumphant end of the civil war,his identity as the son of Apollo,the sun god,is also integrated into his identity as divi filius.As divine father and protector,the figure of the sun god was considered to be closely related to the“harmonious”order of the Golden Age,thanks to Hellenistic legends of the sun and the Pythagorean cosmological reflection on the divine and human order.Thus,just as the gods administered justice and reconciled strife in the cosmos,Augustus,as the son of the gods,was expected to lead the people to a harmonious public order.