鹰凤之别:山东龙山文化与石家河文化主题玉器的辨析

在新石器时代晚期诸文化中,山东龙山文化和石家河文化是少有的在玉器题材与工艺特征上存在着较多交叉性与相似性的两种地域文化。其中,图案化玉鹰和玉凤是两种特征尤为明显的玉器题材。根据已有考古出土的资料分析,玉凤是石家河文化的最典型玉器;在此基础上,推断玉鹰属于山东龙山文化的主题玉器。在明确两种玉器构图要素及工艺特征的前提下,对传世玉器中一组"鹰攫人"的题材进行重新释读,指出其实际上应为凤攫人题材,纠正了长期以来的认识误区,进而讨论鹰、凤玉器在两种文化中的各自地位及相关的古史背景。

Longshan culture of Shandong and the Shijiahe culture are two regional cultures that have more intersections and similarities on jade motifs and technical characteristics that are rarely seen in others during the late Neolithic Age.Motifs of jade with eagle design and phoenix design are obviously two special kinds among these two cultures.Based on the archaeological finds,it’s assured that jade with phoenix design is the most typical one of Shijiahe culture.Also,it’s credible to infer on this basis that jade with eagle design is representative works of-Longshan culture of Shandong.By making certain both compositional elements and technical characteristics of these two kinds of jades,this essay further reinterprets a group of jade with the motif of"eagle seizing human’s head",points out that it is actually belongs to the theme of phoenix seizing human’s head,thus rectify a long-term misunderstanding of the motif.And finally,the author also discusses the status and importance of jade with eagle design and with phoenix design in each culture and the relevant historical backgrounds.