二里头遗址出土冶铸遗物中一些特殊现象的思考

通过对20世纪80年代至90年代末二里头遗址出土包括炉壁、炉渣及"铸铜"作坊遗址操作面的部分冶金遗物标本的分析测试,结合炉渣、坩埚烧结层及耐火材料层、炉渣中的金属颗粒、炉渣中SnO2结晶(或锡石颗粒),以及坩埚残片或类似于浇包的冶炼工具的实验研究结果,认为在冶炼或熔铜过程中应该使用的是小型熔炼炉(坩埚)——一种类似于浇包的熔(炼)炉,而非浇包。炉渣中铜蓝(CuS)矿物结晶的发现,以及检测到炉渣、炉壁烧结层或附着渣中有微量杂质Ti以及Cr、Bi、Ag等元素,表明二里头遗址铸铜作坊不仅可以熔铜,亦可能存在冶炼铜的过程。

Based on the analysis and test of some samples of metallurgical relics unearthed from 1980 s to the end of1990 s from the Erlitou site,including furnace wall,slag and the operation surface of the"copper-casting"workshop site,and tho experimental study of slag,sintering layer and refractory layer of crucible,metal particles in slag,SnO2 crystal(or cassiterite particles)in slag,and crucible fragments or similar ladle smelting tools,this paper concluded that a small melting furnace(crucible)-a kind of melting furnace similar to ladle but not ladle,had been used in the process of smelting or melting copper.The discovery of copper blue(CuS)mineral crystallization in slag and the detection of impurities like Ti,Cr,Bi,Ag and other elements in slag,sintering layer or attached slag indicate that there are not only copper melting technique but also copper smelting process in the copper-casting workshop at the Erlitou site.