三种职业健康风险评估法在某大型设备制造企业噪声风险评估中的应用

Application of three occupational health risk assessment methods to noise risk assessment in a large equipment manufacturing enterprise

[背景]职业性噪声聋已成为发病率仅次于职业性尘肺病的第二大类职业病。2017年我国出台了第一部化学有害因素职业健康风险评估技术导则,但还未制定关于噪声作业岗位的职业健康风险评估方法。[目的]探索不同职业健康风险评估方法在某大型设备制造企业噪声作业岗位职业健康风险评估中的适用性。[方法]使用职业危害风险指数法、国际采矿与金属委员会(ICMM)模型和我国有害作业分级法对某大型设备制造企业中噪声作业岗位进行职业健康风险评估,并对不同方法的评估结果进行比较。收集工人职业健康检查资料,分析工人听力异常率与职业健康风险评估结果的一致性。[结果]该企业噪声作业岗位均未设置工程降噪设施,现场调查发现很少工人佩戴防噪耳塞或耳罩。噪声作业岗位工人的听力异常率为16.67%~50.00%,非噪声作业岗位工人无听力异常。职业危害风险指数法评估结果显示,所有噪声作业岗位的风险比值均为3级,非噪声作业岗位均为2级。ICMM模型评估结果显示,所有噪声作业岗位的风险比值均为5级,非噪声作业岗位均为2级。我国有害作业分级法评估结果显示,各噪声作业岗位的风险比值为1~4级。[结论]三种职业健康风险评估方法均能用于噪声风险评估。ICMM模型较为保守;我国有害作业分级法相对简单;职业危害风险指数法能综合考虑噪声影响健康风险的各项要素,评估结果与实际情况较为接近。

[Background]Occupational noise-induced deafness is the second most common occupational disease,second only to occupational pneumoconiosis.In 2007,China introduced its first guidelines for occupational health risk assessment of chemicals in the workplace,but workplace noise was not included.[Objective]This study explores the applicability of selected occupational health risk assessment methods for noise-exposed workstations in a large equipment manufacturing enterprise.[Methods]Occupational hazard risk index method,International Council on Mining and Metals(ICMM)model,and China classification of occupational hazards at workplace were used toassess the occupational health risk of noise-exposed workstations in a large equipment manufacturing enterprise,and the results were compared.The workers’abnormal hearing rates sourced from occupational health examination data were tested for consistency with above occupational health risk assessment results.[Results]No engineering noise reduction facilities were installed in the selected workstations,and few workers wore earplugs or earmuffs.The abnormal hearing rate of workers exposed to noise was 16.67%-50.00%across selected job titles,and the rate of workers not exposed to noise was 0.The risk ratios of occupational hazard risk index method were 3 for all noise-exposed workstations and 2 for all non-noise-exposed ones.The risk ratios of ICMM model were 5 for all noise-exposed workstations and 2 for all non-noise-exposed ones.The risk ratios of China classification of occupational hazards at workplace for noise-exposed workstations were 1-4.[Conclusion]The three occupational health risk assessment methods could all be used for noise risk assessment.The ICMM model is conservative;the China classification of occupational hazards at workplace is too simple and crude;the occupational hazard risk index method considers all the factors that might modify the noise-induced health risks,and its assessment results are close to reality.