基于合意解除合同的规范构造

Normative Structure of Consensual Rescission of Contract

民法典第562条第1款明定当事人可基于合意而解除合同,但关于合意解除的制度定位和运作细节,学理上存有争议,实务中不乏模糊处理,规范间体系联动复杂,有必要借助教义学原理整理其规范内涵。合意解除行为属于共同要因处分行为,其核心效力主要体现为终结合同"广义之债"中与原定给付义务相关的内容。附属效果方面,合意解除在涉及清算的场合同时创设了清算义务,就其内容未作特约时可适用合同解除效果的法定规则;已成立的违约赔偿责任原则上不受合意解除的影响;若可能损及第三人利益,合意解除的效果应受限制。合意解除的实践流程,可能是达成"典型合意",也可能是经由法律行为转换达成"非典型合意"。我国法将合意解除整合为合同解除制度的一部分,在法技术和法政策上具有正当性。

Article 562 Paragraph 1 of the Chinese Civil Code clearly stipulates that parties to a contract may rescind the contract based on agreement(consensual rescission).In terms of institutional positioning and operational details of consensual rescission of contract,however,there are unresolved disputes in academic theory,ambiguity in judicial practice and complicated interaction in normative system.Therefore it is necessary to organize the normative content of consensual rescission with the help of dogmatics of law.Consensual rescission is a parallel agreement with internal cause and disposition character,and its core effect is the rescission of the content of the"debt in a broad sense"relating to the original obligation in contract.With respect to its ancillary effects,consensual rescission creates liquidation obligation when it involves liquidation,and the statutory rules on the effects of contract rescission can be applied when there is no special agreement on its content.In principle,an established liability for breach of contract is not affected by consensual rescission.The effect of consensual rescission should be limited if the interests of a third party could be harmed by it.Consensual rescission can be realized by reaching a"typical agreement"or by reaching an"atypical agreement"through the re-interpretation of legal transaction.It is appropriate in terms of legal technology and legal policy to integrate consensual rescission as a part of the system of contract rescission in Chinese Law.